Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Sinh thái học
Biển gần đáy; Mức độ sâu 50 - 500 m (Ref. 26999), usually 100 - 200 m (Ref. 26999). Subtropical; 45°N - 35°S, 98°W - 34°W
Western Atlantic: Canada (Ref. 5951) to Maine, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to Uruguay. Eastern Atlantic: Senegal to Angola (Ref. 5512).
Length at first maturity / Bộ gần gũi / Khối lượng (Trọng lượng) / Age
Maturity: Lm 10.0  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 30.0 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 7251); common length : 23.0 cm FL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 47377)
Các tia vây lưng cứng (tổng cộng) : 12; Các vây lưng mềm (tổng cộng) : 13 - 16; Tia cứng vây hậu môn: 3; Tia mềm vây hậu môn: 15.
Occurs chiefly on the continental shelf, mostly on muddy bottoms (Ref. 2683). Juveniles occur in surface waters. Feeds mainly on small crustaceans. Forms large schools (Ref. 36543). Adults are demersal or bathypelagic (Ref. 47377).
Oviparous, gonochorous, with pelagic eggs (Ref. 101194).
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Các nghề cá: buôn bán nhỏ
Các công cụ
Special reports
Download XML
Các nguồn internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13 - 23.8, mean 19 °C (based on 119 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01380 (0.00982 - 0.01940), b=2.93 (2.84 - 3.02), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Mức dinh dưỡng (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.50 se; based on food items.
Thích nghi nhanh (Ref.
120179): Chiêù cao, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là dưới 15 tháng (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (20 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 116 [65, 221] mg/100g; Iron = 1.35 [0.82, 2.33] mg/100g; Protein = 20.8 [18.8, 22.5] %; Omega3 = 0.484 [0.301, 0.780] g/100g; Selenium = 39.2 [19.5, 72.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.17 [3.11, 27.94] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.738 [0.524, 1.075] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.