Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
البيئة
بحري القاع; نطاق العمق 50 - 500 m (Ref. 26999), usually 100 - 200 m (Ref. 26999). Subtropical; 45°N - 35°S, 98°W - 34°W
Western Atlantic: Canada (Ref. 5951) to Maine, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to Uruguay. Eastern Atlantic: Senegal to Angola (Ref. 5512).
Length at first maturity / الحجم / وزن / العمر
Maturity: Lm 10.0  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 30.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 7251); common length : 23.0 cm FL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 47377)
الأشواك الظهرية (المجموع) : 12; الأشعة الظهرية الناعمة (المجموع) : 13 - 16; شوكة شرجية: 3; أشعه شرجية لينه: 15.
Occurs chiefly on the continental shelf, mostly on muddy bottoms (Ref. 2683). Juveniles occur in surface waters. Feeds mainly on small crustaceans. Forms large schools (Ref. 36543). Adults are demersal or bathypelagic (Ref. 47377).
Oviparous, gonochorous, with pelagic eggs (Ref. 101194).
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: غير مهمة تجارياً
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13 - 23.8, mean 19 °C (based on 119 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01479 (0.00917 - 0.02386), b=2.93 (2.79 - 3.07), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.50 se; based on food items.
المرونه (Ref.
120179): عالي, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع أقل من 15 شهر (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (20 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 116 [65, 221] mg/100g; Iron = 1.35 [0.82, 2.33] mg/100g; Protein = 20.8 [18.8, 22.5] %; Omega3 = 0.484 [0.301, 0.780] g/100g; Selenium = 39.2 [19.5, 72.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.17 [3.11, 27.94] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.738 [0.524, 1.075] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.