Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 淡水; 半咸淡水. ; 27°S - 35°S
Southeast Atlantic: restricted from Lüderitz, Namibia to northern Natal, South Africa.
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 4.0 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 11.0 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 7248)
背棘 (总数) : 6 - 9; 背的软条 (总数) : 11 - 15; 臀棘: 1; 臀鳍软条: 15 - 18. Body silvery and translucent with a midlateral band; dusky upper surface (Ref. 4125).
Forms schools along the coast and in estuaries, especially during spring (Ref. 3302). Also found in coastal lakes (Ref. 7248). Small individuals filter out small organisms such as phytoplankton and rotifers. Above 3.5 cm TL, it feeds mostly on crustaceans especially amphipods taken from the water column as well as off the bottom. Preyed upon by fishes and birds (Ref. 7248).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔鱼
Skelton, P.H., 1993. A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Southern Book Publishers. 388 p. (Ref. 7248)
人类利用
渔业: 自给性渔业; 诱饵: usually
工具
特别资料
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网络资源
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 14.3 - 23.9, mean 19.5 °C (based on 14 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00776 (0.00426 - 0.01415), b=3.14 (2.97 - 3.31), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.46 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (10 of 100).
