Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水. ; 27°S - 35°S
Southeast Atlantic: restricted from Lüderitz, Namibia to northern Natal, South Africa.
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 4.0 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 11.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 7248)
背棘 (總數) : 6 - 9; 背的軟條 (總數) : 11 - 15; 臀棘: 1; 臀鰭軟條: 15 - 18. Body silvery and translucent with a midlateral band; dusky upper surface (Ref. 4125).
Forms schools along the coast and in estuaries, especially during spring (Ref. 3302). Also found in coastal lakes (Ref. 7248). Small individuals filter out small organisms such as phytoplankton and rotifers. Above 3.5 cm TL, it feeds mostly on crustaceans especially amphipods taken from the water column as well as off the bottom. Preyed upon by fishes and birds (Ref. 7248).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
Skelton, P.H., 1993. A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Southern Book Publishers. 388 p. (Ref. 7248)
人類使用
漁業: 自給性漁業; 誘餌: usually
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 14.3 - 23.9, mean 19.5 °C (based on 14 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00776 (0.00426 - 0.01415), b=3.14 (2.97 - 3.31), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.46 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (10 of 100).
