Family Osphronemidae - Gouramies | ||||
Order | : | Anabantiformes | ||
Class | : | Teleostei | ||
No. in FishBase | : | Genera : 14 | Species : 135 Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes | ||
Environment | : | Fresh : Yes | Brackish : Yes | Marine : No | ||
Division | : | Primary freshwater | ||
Aquarium | : | some | ||
First Fossil Record | : | lower Tertiary | Ref. Berg, L.S. 1958 | |
Remark | : | Since FoW3 (Nelson 1994; Ref. 7463), with one genus Osphronemus and 3 spp., the content of the family has changed: - It includes its Belontidae with 3 subfamilies. - In addition, the Family Luciocephalidae has been merged with the subfamily Belontidae: Trichogastrinae to form the subfamily Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae (Britz et al., 1995: Ref. 37504; Britz, 2001: CAS_Ref_No 25717). In CoF2005 (Eschmeyer, 2005; Ref. 54621), which is followed, and since CoF 2004 (Eschmeyer, 2004; Ref. 50838), the family has 4 subfamilies: Osphroneminae (giant gouramies) Belontiinae (combtail gouramies) Macropodinae (Siamese fighting fishes, paradisefishes) Luciocephalinae (gouramies and pikehead) The following definition needs to be reviewed. Distribution: Pakistan and India to Malay Archipelago and Korea. Teeth absent on prevomer and palatine. Protractile upper jaw. Lateral line single, complete and continuous in Osphroneminae; vestigial in other subfamilies, when present. Maximum dorsal soft rays 10; in Osphroneminae dorsal fin spines 11-13; soft rays 11-13, anal fin spines 9-12; soft rays 16-22, all scales ctenoid, about 80 cm maximum length. Pelvic fins with an elongate ray in many species. Some species are oral brooders and others build bubble nests. Other family name = Polyacanthidae (Ref. 7463). CoF 2003 (Eschmeyer, 2003: Ref. 46206) Four subfamilies: Osphroneminae, Belontiinae, Macropodinae and Trichogastrinae. FoW3 (Nelson, 1994: Ref. 7463); CoF 2002 (Eschmeyer, 2002; Ref. 36739). Family Belontiidae containing the 3 latter subfamilies above. | ||
Etymology | : | Greek, osphra, -as = smell + Greek, nema = filament ( Ref. 45335). | ||
Reproductive guild | : | bearers and guarders | ||
Typical activity level | : | |||
Main Ref. | : | Nelson, J.S. 1994 | ||
Coordinator | : | |||
Deep Fin Classification | : | Osteichthyes | Actinopterygii | Actinopteri | Neopterygii | Teleostei | Osteoglossocephalai | Clupeocephala | Euteleosteomorpha | Neoteleostei | Eurypterygia | Ctenosquamata | Acanthomorphata | Acanthopterygii | Percomorphaceae | Anabantaria | | | Anabantiformes | Anabantoidei | | Osphronemidae |
Important recommendation:
The list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions, which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist.
Rather, it reflects the current content of FishBase, and the progress with respect to synchronization with the Catalog of Fishes. However, we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in FishBase, to start new work on the family, or to cross-check with other lists.
But we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value. In particular, for published scientific, we suggest then to cite it in the Material and Method section as a useful tool to conduct the research, but again, not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference.
Unless it is explicitly precised, the list is not complete, please search all original names published for the family in the Catalog of Fishes (genera, species), including those with uncertain or unknown status, that are not included in FishBase when they are not attached to a valid species.
This list uses some data from Catalog of Fishes (not shown but used to sort names).
The list ordered as follows:
Please send comments and corrections if you detect errors or missing names.
Scientifc name | Status | Senior/Junior synonym | Combination | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Osphroneminae | ||||
Osphronemus goramy Lacepède, 1801 | accepted | senior | original | |
Trichopus goramy (Lacepède, 1801) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Osphromenus gourami Lacepède, 1801 | synonym | senior | original | |
! Osphronemus gorami Lacepède, 1801 | synonym | senior | original | |
! Osphronemus gourami Lacepède, 1801 | synonym | senior | original | |
! Osphronemus gouramy Lacepède, 1801 | synonym | senior | original | |
Trichopodus mentum Lacepède, 1801 | synonym | junior | original | |
Trichopode mentonnier Lacepède, 1801 | synonym | other | original | |
Trichopus satyrus Shaw, 1803 | synonym | junior | original | |
Osphromenus satyrus (Shaw, 1803) | synonym | junior | new | |
Osphromenus olfax Cuvier, 1831 | synonym | junior | original | |
Osphromenus notatus Cuvier, 1831 | synonym | junior | original | |
Osphronemus laticlavius Roberts, 1992 | accepted | senior | original | |
Osphronemus goramy (non Lacepède, 1801) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Osphronemus septemfasciatus Roberts, 1992 | accepted | senior | original | |
Osphronemus exodon Roberts, 1994 | accepted | senior | original | |
Osphronemus gouramy (non Lacepède, 1801) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Belontiinae | ||||
Belontia hasselti (Cuvier, 1831) | accepted | senior | new | |
Polyacanthus hasselti Cuvier, 1831 | synonym | senior | original | |
Polyacanthus hasselti (Cuvier, 1831) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Polycaanthus hasselti (Cuvier, 1831) | synonym | senior | new | |
Belontia signata (Günther, 1861) | accepted | senior | new | |
Polyacanthus signatus Günther, 1861 | synonym | senior | original | |
Macropodus signatus (Günther, 1861) | synonym | senior | new | |
Luciocephalinae | ||||
Luciocephalus pulcher (Gray, 1830) | accepted | senior | new | |
Diplopterus pulcher Gray, 1830 | synonym | senior | original | |
Luciocephalus aura Tan & Ng, 2005 | accepted | senior | original | |
Ctenops nobilis McClelland, 1845 | accepted | senior | original | |
Osphronemus nobilis (McClelland, 1845) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Osphromenus nobilis (McClelland, 1845) | synonym | senior | new | |
Sphaerichthys osphromenoides Canestrini, 1860 | accepted | senior | original | |
Sphaerichthys osphromenoides osphromenoides Canestrini, 1860 | synonym | senior | change in rank | |
! Sphaerichthys osphronemoides Canestrini, 1860 | synonym | senior | original | |
Sphaerichthys vaillanti Pellegrin, 1930 | accepted | senior | original | |
Sphaerichthys acrostoma Vierke, 1979 | accepted | senior | original | |
Sphaerichthys selatanensis Vierke, 1979 | accepted | senior | change in rank | |
Sphaerichthys osphronemoides selatanensis Vierke, 1979 | synonym | senior | original | |
! Sphaerichthys osphromenoides selatanensis Vierke, 1979 | synonym | senior | original | |
Parasphaerichthys ocellatus Prashad & Mukerji, 1929 | accepted | senior | original | |
! Paraspherichthys ocellatus Prashad & Mukerji, 1929 | synonym | senior | original | |
Parasphaerichthys lineatus Britz & Kottelat, 2002 | accepted | senior | original | |
Macropodusinae | ||||
Macropodus opercularis (Linnaeus, 1758) | accepted | senior | new | |
Labrus opercularis Linnaeus, 1758 | synonym | senior | original | |
Chaetodon chinensis Bloch, 1790 | synonym | junior | original | |
Macropodus chinensis (Bloch, 1790) | synonym | junior | new | |
Macropodus viridiauratus Lacepède, 1801 | synonym | junior | original | |
Macropodus venustus Cuvier, 1831 | synonym | junior | original | |
Macropodus ctenopsoides Brind, 1915 | synonym | junior | original | |
Macropodus filamentosus Oshima, 1919 | synonym | junior | original | |
Macropodus ocellatus Cantor, 1842 | accepted | senior | original | |
Polyacanthus paludosus Richardson, 1846 | synonym | junior | original | |
Polyacanthus opercularis (non Linnaeus, 1758) | misapplied | misapplied | misapplied | |
Chaetodon chinensis (non Bloch, 1790) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Macropodus chinensis (non Bloch, 1790) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Polyacanthus chinensis (non Bloch, 1790) | misapplied | misapplied | misapplied | |
Macropodus spechti Schreitmüller, 1936 | accepted | senior | change in rank | |
Macropodus opercularis spechti Schreitmüller, 1936 | synonym | senior | original | |
Macropodus opercularis concolor Ahl, 1936 | synonym | junior | original | |
Macropodus concolor Ahl, 1936 | synonym | junior | change in rank | |
Macropodus erythropterus Freyhof & Herder, 2002 | accepted | senior | original | |
Macropodus hongkongensis Freyhof & Herder, 2002 | accepted | senior | original | |
Macropodus concolor (non Ahl, 1936) | misapplied | misapplied | change in rank | |
Macropodus baviensis Nguyen & Nguyen, 2005 | accepted | senior | original | |
Macropodus lineatus Nguyen, Ngo & Nguyen, 2005 | accepted | senior | original | |
Macropodus oligolepis Nguyen, Ngo & Nguyen, 2005 | accepted | senior | original | |
Macropodus phongnhaensis Ngô, Nguyen & Nguyen, 2005 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta picta (Valenciennes, 1846) | accepted | senior | new | |
Panchax pictum Valenciennes, 1846 | synonym | senior | original | |
Betta trifasciata Bleeker, 1850 | synonym | junior | original | |
Betta pugnax (Cantor, 1849) | accepted | senior | new | |
Macropodus pugnax Cantor, 1849 | synonym | senior | original | |
Betta macrophthalma Regan, 1910 | synonym | junior | original | |
Betta brederi Myers, 1935 | synonym | junior | original | |
Betta picta (non Valenciennes, 1846) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Betta trifasciata (non Bleeker, 1850) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Betta anabatoides (non Bleeker, 1851) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Betta rubra (non Perugia, 1893) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Betta fusca (non Regan, 1910) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Betta taeniata (non Regan, 1910) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Betta anabatoides Bleeker, 1851 | accepted | senior | original | |
! Betta anabantoides Bleeker, 1851 | synonym | senior | original | |
Betta bellica Sauvage, 1884 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta fasciata Regan, 1910 | synonym | junior | original | |
Betta rubra Perugia, 1893 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta unimaculata (Popta, 1905) | accepted | senior | new | |
Parophiocephalus unimaculatus Popta, 1905 | synonym | senior | original | |
Betta ocellata (non de Beaufort, 1933) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Betta akarensis Regan, 1910 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta climacura Vierke, 1988 | synonym | junior | original | |
Betta fusca Regan, 1910 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta macrostoma Regan, 1910 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta splendens Regan, 1910 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta taeniata Regan, 1910 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta patoti Weber & de Beaufort, 1922 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta ocellata de Beaufort, 1933 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta balunga Herre, 1940 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta smaragdina Ladiges, 1972 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta imbellis Ladiges, 1975 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta coccina Vierke, 1979 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta foerschi Vierke, 1979 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta edithae Vierke, 1984 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta tussyae Schaller, 1985 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta persephone Schaller, 1986 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta waseri Krummenacher, 1986 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta macrophthalma (non Regan, 1910) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Betta dimidiata Roberts, 1989 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta strohi Schaller & Kottelat, 1989 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta rutilans Witte & Kottelat, 1991 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta brownorum Witte & Schmidt, 1992 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta coccina (non Vierke, 1979) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Betta livida Ng & Kottelat, 1992 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta chini Ng, 1993 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta albimarginata Kottelat & Ng, 1994 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta burdigala Kottelat & Ng, 1994 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta channoides Kottelat & Ng, 1994 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta chloropharynx Kottelat & Ng, 1994 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta hipposideros Ng & Kottelat, 1994 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta miniopinna Tan & Tan, 1994 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta prima Kottelat, 1994 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta schalleri Kottelat & Ng, 1994 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta simplex Kottelat, 1994 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta spilotogena Ng & Kottelat, 1994 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta tomi Ng & Kottelat, 1994 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta enisae Kottelat, 1995 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta pulchra Tan & Tan, 1996 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta simorum Tan & Ng, 1996 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta breviobesa Tan & Kottelat, 1998 | accepted | senior | original | |
! Betta breviobesus Tan & Kottelat, 1998 | synonym | senior | original | |
Betta falx Tan & Kottelat, 1998 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta pi Tan, 1998 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta pinguis Tan & Kottelat, 1998 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta renata Tan, 1998 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta aurigans Tan & Lim, 2004 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta ibanorum Tan & Ng, 2004 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta pallida Schindler & Schmidt, 2004 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta cracens Tan & Ng, 2005 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta gladiator Tan & Ng, 2005 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta lehi Tan & Ng, 2005 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta obscura Tan & Ng, 2005 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta pallifina Tan & Ng, 2005 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta raja Tan & Ng, 2005 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta stigmosa Tan & Ng, 2005 | accepted | senior | original | |
! Betta stigmosus Tan & Ng, 2005 | ambiguous | other | original | |
Betta stiktos Tan & Ng, 2005 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta antoni Tan & Ng, 2006 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta apollon Schindler & Schmidt, 2006 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta pugnax (non Cantor, 1849) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Betta compuncta Tan & Ng, 2006 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta ferox Schindler & Schmidt, 2006 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta ideii Tan & Ng, 2006 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta krataios Tan & Ng, 2006 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta mandor Tan & Ng, 2006 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta uberis Tan & Ng, 2006 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta kuehnei Schindler & Schmidt, 2008 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta midas Tan, 2009 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta pardalotos Tan, 2009 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta mahachaiensis Kowasupat, Panijpan, Ruenwongsa & Sriwattanarothai, 2012 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta siamorientalis Kowasupat, Panijpan, Ruenwongsa & Jeenthong, 2012 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta dennisyongi Tan, 2013 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta hendra Schindler & Linke, 2013 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta omega Tan & Ahmad, 2018 | accepted | senior | original | |
Betta nuluhon Kamal, Tan & Ng, 2020 | accepted | senior | original | |
Trichopsis vittata (Cuvier, 1831) | accepted | senior | new | |
Osphromenus vittatus Cuvier, 1831 | synonym | senior | original | |
Ctenops vittatus (Cuvier, 1831) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Trichopsis vittatus (Cuvier, 1831) | synonym | senior | new | |
Trichopsis pumila (Arnold, 1936) | accepted | senior | new | |
! Trichopsis pumilus (Arnold, 1933) | synonym | senior | new | |
Ctenops pumilus Arnold, 1936 | synonym | senior | original | |
! Trichopsis pumilis (Arnold, 1936) | synonym | senior | new | |
Trichopsis schalleri Ladiges, 1962 | accepted | senior | original | |
Parosphromenus deissneri (Bleeker, 1859) | accepted | senior | new | |
Osphromenus deissneri Bleeker, 1859 | synonym | senior | original | |
Parosphromenus deissneri sumatranus (non Klausewitz, 1955) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Parosphromenus paludicola Tweedie, 1952 | accepted | senior | original | |
! Parosphronemus paludicola Tweedie, 1952 | synonym | senior | original | |
Parosphromenus sumatranus Klausewitz, 1955 | accepted | senior | change in rank | |
Parosphromenus deissneri sumatranus Klausewitz, 1955 | synonym | senior | original | |
Parosphromenus parvulus Vierke, 1979 | accepted | senior | original | |
Parosphromenus filamentosus Vierke, 1981 | accepted | senior | original | |
Parosphromenus nagyi Schaller, 1985 | accepted | senior | original | |
Parosphromenus allani Brown, 1987 | accepted | senior | original | |
! Parosphromenus alleni Brown, 1987 | synonym | senior | original | |
Parosphromenus harveyi Brown, 1987 | accepted | senior | original | |
Parosphromenus anjunganensis Kottelat, 1991 | accepted | senior | original | |
Parosphromenus linkei Kottelat, 1991 | accepted | senior | original | |
Parosphromenus ornaticauda Kottelat, 1991 | accepted | senior | original | |
Parosphromenus parvulus (non Vierke, 1979) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Parosphromenus bintan Kottelat & Ng, 1998 | accepted | senior | original | |
Parosphromenus alfredi Kottelat & Ng, 2005 | accepted | senior | original | |
Parosphromenus opallios Kottelat & Ng, 2005 | accepted | senior | original | |
Parosphromenus pahuensis Kottelat & Ng, 2005 | accepted | senior | original | |
Parosphromenus quindecim Kottelat & Ng, 2005 | accepted | senior | original | |
Parosphromenus rubrimontis Kottelat & Ng, 2005 | accepted | senior | original | |
Parosphromenus tweediei Kottelat & Ng, 2005 | accepted | senior | original | |
Parosphromenus gunawani Schindler & Linke, 2012 | accepted | senior | original | |
Parosphromenus phoenicurus Schindler & Linke, 2012 | accepted | senior | original | |
Pseudosphromenus cupanus (Cuvier, 1831) | accepted | senior | new | |
Polyacanthus cupanus Cuvier, 1831 | synonym | senior | original | |
Macropodus cupanus (Cuvier, 1831) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Psedosphronemus cupanus (Cuvier, 1831) | synonym | senior | new | |
Polyacanthus cupanus dayi Köhler, 1908 | ambiguous | questionable | original | |
Pseudosphromenus dayi (Köhler, 1908) | accepted | senior | new | |
Polyacanthus cupanus dayi Köhler, 1908 | synonym | senior | original | |
Macropodus cupanus dayi (Köhler, 1908) | synonym | senior | new | |
Macropodus dayi (Köhler, 1908) | synonym | senior | new | |
Parosphromenus dayi (Köhler, 1908) | synonym | senior | new | |
Polyacanthus dayi (Köhler, 1908) | synonym | senior | new | |
Malpulutta kretseri Deraniyagala, 1937 | accepted | senior | original | |
Trichogastrinae | ||||
Trichogaster fasciata Bloch & Schneider, 1801 | accepted | senior | original | |
! Trichogaster fasciatus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 | synonym | senior | original | |
Colisa fasciata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) | synonym | senior | new | |
Colisa fasciatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) | synonym | senior | new | |
Polyacanthus fasciatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Colisha fasciatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) | synonym | senior | new | |
Trichopodus colisa Hamilton, 1822 | synonym | junior | original | |
Trichopodus bejeus Hamilton, 1822 | synonym | junior | original | |
Trichopodus cotra Hamilton, 1822 | synonym | junior | original | |
Colisa vulgaris Cuvier, 1831 | synonym | junior | original | |
Colisa ponticeriana Valenciennes, 1831 | synonym | junior | original | |
Trichogaster chuna (Hamilton, 1822) | accepted | senior | new | |
Trichopodus chuna Hamilton, 1822 | synonym | senior | original | |
Colisa chuna (Hamilton, 1822) | synonym | senior | new | |
Trichopodus sota Hamilton, 1822 | synonym | junior | original | |
Colisa sota (Hamilton, 1822) | synonym | junior | new | |
Polyacanthus sota (Hamilton, 1822) | synonym | junior | new | |
Trichogaster lalius (Hamilton, 1822) | accepted | senior | new | |
Trichopodus lalius Hamilton, 1822 | synonym | senior | original | |
Colisa lalius (Hamilton, 1822) | synonym | senior | new | |
Polyacanthus lalius (Hamilton, 1822) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Colisa lalia (Hamilton, 1822) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Colisha lalius (Hamilton, 1822) | synonym | senior | new | |
Colisa unicolor Cuvier, 1831 | synonym | junior | original | |
Trichogaster labiosa Day, 1877 | accepted | senior | original | |
! Trichogaster labiosus Day, 1877 | synonym | senior | original | |
Colisa labiosa (Day, 1877) | synonym | senior | new | |
Colisa labiosus (Day, 1877) | synonym | senior | new | |
Trichopodus trichopterus (Pallas, 1770) | accepted | senior | new | |
Labrus trichopterus Pallas, 1770 | synonym | senior | original | |
Trichogaster trichopterus (Pallas, 1770) | synonym | senior | new | |
Trichopus trichopterus (Pallas, 1770) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Labrvs trichoptervs Pallas, 1770 | synonym | senior | original | |
Trichopus sepat Bleeker, 1845 | ambiguous | other | original | |
Stethochaetus biguttatus Gronow, 1854 | synonym | junior | original | |
Osphromenus siamensis Günther, 1861 | synonym | junior | original | |
Nemaphoerus maculosus Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1879 | ambiguous | other | original | |
Osphromenus insulatus Seale, 1910 | synonym | junior | original | |
Trichopodus leerii (Bleeker, 1852) | accepted | senior | new | |
Trichopus leerii Bleeker, 1852 | synonym | senior | original | |
Trichogaster leerii (Bleeker, 1852) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Trichogaster leeri (Bleeker, 1852) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Trichogaster leerri (Bleeker, 1852) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Trichopodus leeri (Bleeker, 1852) | synonym | senior | new | |
Trichopodus cantoris (Günther, 1861) | accepted | senior | new | |
Osphromenus trichopterus cantoris Günther, 1861 | synonym | senior | original | |
Trichopodus microlepis (Günther, 1861) | accepted | senior | new | |
Osphromenus microlepis Günther, 1861 | synonym | senior | original | |
Trichogaster microlepis (Günther, 1861) | synonym | senior | new | |
Trichopus parvipinnis Sauvage, 1876 | synonym | junior | original | |
Deschauenseeia chryseus Fowler, 1934 | synonym | junior | original | |
Trichopodus pectoralis Regan, 1910 | accepted | senior | original | |
Trichogaster pectoralis (Regan, 1910) | synonym | senior | new | |
Trichopodus poptae Low, Tan & Britz, 2014 | accepted | senior | original |