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Sphyrna tiburo (Linnaeus, 1758)

Bonnethead
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Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050
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Sphyrna tiburo   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Image of Sphyrna tiburo (Bonnethead)
Sphyrna tiburo
Picture by Murch, A.

Classification / Names Κοινά ονόματα | Συνώνυμα | Catalog of Fishes(Γένος, Είδη) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Ελασμοβράγχιοι (καρχαρίες και σαλάχια) (sharks and rays) > Carcharhiniformes (Ground sharks) > Sphyrnidae (Hammerhead, bonnethead, or scoophead sharks)
Etymology: Sphyrna: Probable misspelling of sphyra (Gr.), hammer, referring to their hammer-shaped heads. (See ETYFish);  tiburo: Latin for western, an eastern Pacific relative of the Western Atlantic S. tiburo. (See ETYFish).
More on author: Linnaeus.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Οικολογία

Θαλασσινό(ά); Υφάλμυρο Υφαλόφιλο(α); εύρος βάθους 10 - 80 m (Ref. 244), usually 10 - 25 m (Ref. 9253). Subtropical; 45°N - 36°S, 121°W - 32°W (Ref. 55302)

Κατανομή Χώρες | Περιοχές FAO | Οικοσυστήματα | Παρουσίες | Point map | Εισαγωγές | Faunafri

Western Atlantic: North Carolina, USA to southern Brazil, including Cuba and the Bahamas. Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico; rare in Bermuda (Ref. 26938). Eastern Pacific: southern California, USA to Ecuador.

Length at first maturity / Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age

Maturity: Lm 85.0, range 80 - 90 cm
Max length : 150 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 5217); common length : 80.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 5217); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 10.8 kg (Ref. 40637); μεγ. αναφερόμενη ηλικία: 12 έτη (Ref. 26248)

Short description Κλείδες προσδιορισμού | Μορφολογία | Μορφομετρία

Front of head semicircular in outline. No other hammerhead has front of head in semicircle. (Ref. 26938).

Βιολογία     Γλωσσάρι (π.χ. epibenthic)

Found on the continental and insular shelves, on inshore and coastal areas, over mud and sand bottoms, also on coral reefs. Often occur in shallow water including estuaries, shallow bays and over coral reefs (Ref. 9987). Spends night time hours on shallow grass flats, searching for nocturnally active invertebrate prey, moves into deeper water during the day (Ref. 27549). Feed mainly on crustaceans, also on bivalves, octopi, and small fish. Viviparous, with 6 to 9 young per litter. Size at birth about 35 to 40 cm. Not territorial. Always occurs in small groups. Considerable sexual segregation occurs. Shows diel rhythm of activity. Utilized for human consumption and processed for fishmeal.

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Αναπαραγωγή | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Προνύμφες

Viviparous, placental (Ref. 50449), with 6 to 9 young per litter. Size at birth about 35 to 40 cm.

Main reference Upload your references | Αναφορές | Συντονιστής : Compagno, Leonard J.V. | Συνεργάτες

Compagno, L.J.V., 1984. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/2):251-655. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 244)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

  Endangered (EN) (A2bcd); Date assessed: 02 July 2019

CITES


CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

  Harmless





Human uses

αλιεία: Εμπορικό(ά); αλιεία αναψυχής: ναί

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Διαδικτυακές πηγές

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 21.8 - 28, mean 25 °C (based on 368 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 0.5029   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00204 (0.00116 - 0.00361), b=3.10 (2.94 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref. 93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref. 69278):  3.9   ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Ελαστικότητα (Ref. 120179):  Πολύ χαμηλό, ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού > 14 έτη (K=0.17-0.34; tm=3; tmax=12; Fec=3).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  High vulnerability (57 of 100).
Price category (Ref. 80766):   High.
Nutrients (Ref. 124155):  Calcium = 6.95 [1.35, 35.56] mg/100g; Iron = 0.372 [0.090, 1.111] mg/100g; Protein = 21.3 [19.1, 23.4] %; Omega3 = 0.115 [0.044, 0.282] g/100g; Selenium = 15.4 [4.2, 49.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 16.5 [4.9, 59.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.52 [0.24, 1.15] mg/100g (wet weight);