Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά); Υφάλμυρο Υφαλόφιλο(α); μη μεταναστευτικό(ά); εύρος βάθους 0 - 20 m (Ref. 89972). Tropical; 32°N - 32°S, 32°E - 143°W
Indo-Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa to the Line and Tuamoto islands, north to southern Japan, south to Lord Howe Island.
Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 9710); common length : 26.0 cm SL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 9812)
Ραχιαίες άκανθες (συνολικά) : 4 - 5; Μαλακές ραχιαίες ακτίνες (συνολικά) : 9 - 10; Εδρικές άκανθες: 3; Μαλακές εδρικές ακτίνες: 8 - 10. Silvery in color, greenish olive above; pectoral fins pale yellow with purplish axillary spot, other fins grey (Ref. 4393).
Found in coastal waters, over sandy or muddy areas of lagoons, reef flats and tide pools; enters harbors (Ref. 9812). Schooling species, swim at various depths along reefs, to about 20 meters but usually much shallower. Feed on detritus containing algae and microscopic animals, by scooping up the upper layer of sand or mud and filtering through the gills (Ref. 48637). Omnivorous (Ref. 6113). Form large schools before spawning, at the beginning of the ebb tide (in June), over shallow, open areas of the lagoon slope (Ref. 9812). Oviparous, eggs are pelagic and non-adhesive (Ref. 205). Spawning occurs in large aggregations after dark. Marketed fresh (Ref. 9812). Minimum depth reported taken from Ref. 30874.
Randall, J.E., G.R. Allen and R.C. Steene, 1990. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii. 506 p. (Ref. 2334)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Threat to humans
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 130160)
Human uses
αλιεία: περιορισμένης εμπορικότητας; Υδατοκαλλιέργειες: Εμπορικό(ά); δόλωμα: occasionally
Εργαλεία
Special reports
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.6 - 29.3, mean 28.3 °C (based on 3397 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5625 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01585 (0.01013 - 0.02480), b=2.96 (2.84 - 3.08), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref.
69278): 2.3 ±0.10 se; based on food items.
Ελαστικότητα (Ref.
120179): Υψηλό, ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού < 15 μήνες (Fec=195,000-897,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 45.7 [18.2, 140.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.585 [0.273, 1.350] mg/100g; Protein = 18.9 [17.1, 20.7] %; Omega3 = 0.172 [0.087, 0.355] g/100g; Selenium = 31.8 [16.7, 67.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 55 [14, 220] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.68 [1.09, 2.55] mg/100g (wet weight);
