分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鳃亚纲 (鲨鱼与 鱼) (sharks and rays) >
Torpediniformes (Electric rays) >
Torpedinidae (Electric rays)
Etymology: californica: Named after the state of California (Ref. 6885).
More on author: Ayres.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 居于水底的; 深度上下限 0 - 906 m (Ref. 96339), usually 3 - 200 m (Ref. 55307). 溫帶; 48°N - 23°N, 126°W - 110°W (Ref. 55307)
Eastern Pacific: Dixon Entrance, British Columbia, Canada to Sebastian Vizcaino Bay, Baja California, Mexico. Electric rays off Peru, Chile, and Japan may belong to this species (Ref. 2850).
東太平洋: 狄克森入口, 到聖塞巴斯蒂昂 Vizcaino 海灣，墨西哥的下加利福尼亞的加拿大卑詩省。 電鱝外海的祕魯，智利與日本可能屬於這種.(參考文獻 2850)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ?, range 73 - ? cm
Max length : 140 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 12951); 137.0 cm TL (female); common length : 91.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 43939); common length :137 cm TL (female); 最大体重: 0.00 g; 最大年龄: 16 年 (Ref. 48844)
简单描述
检索表 | 型态特徵 | 形态测量图
Gray with scattered black spots dorsally, no ocelli. 1st dorsal fin much larger than 2nd. Spiracle margin smooth and without papillae.
背面灰色的有分散的黑色斑点, 没有假眼斑。 第一背鳍比第二大很多。 呼吸孔边缘平滑的而且没有乳突。
Found on the outer continental shelf, around rocks, in kelp beds, over fine sand bottoms or buried in sand. Solitary, nomadic, and can remain suspended in the water with minimal swimming (Ref. 12951). Feeds on bony fishes, mainly herrings and halibuts. Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Produces litters of up to 17 pups. Males reaches maturity at ca. 65 cm TL, females at ca. 73 cm TL (Ref. 114953). Attacks their prey from the substratum by day and actively forage at night with the aid of its electric organ discharge or EOD (Ref. 10011). The EOD of a large individual was measured at 50 V; with a low internal organ resistance the power output exceeded 1 kW (Ref. 10480). Aggressive when provoked but no human has yet been injured by the electric shock (Ref. 2850). Does not do well in aquariums (Ref. 12951).
在海藻床中,岩石的周围, 栖息于大陆架外缘了, 细砂底之上或者埋藏在沙中。 独居性的，流浪性, 而且能保持悬浮于水中只用最小的游泳动作.(参考文献 12951) 吃硬骨鱼类, 主要地鲱鱼与大比目鱼。 卵胎生的.(参考文献 50449) 白天攻击下层土壤的猎物而且以它的发电器放电的帮助或 EOD 积极地觅食在晚上.(参考文献 10011) 大个体的 EOD 在 50 V 被测量; 具有一个超过 1个千瓦的低电阻的内脏输出。 (参考文献 10480) 当被激怒时具有侵略性但是还没有人类被电击伤害.(参考文献 2850) 养得不好在水族馆。 (参考文献 12951)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449).
Reproductive cycle appears to be annual in males and biannual in females (Ref. 48844). No defined birthing season (Ref. 48844).東太平洋: 狄克森入口, 到聖塞巴斯蒂昂 Vizcaino 海灣，墨西哥的下加利福尼亞的加拿大卑詩省。 電鱝外海的祕魯，智利與日本可能屬於這種.(參考文獻 2850)
Allen, M.J. and G.B. Smith, 1988. Atlas and zoogeography of common fishes in the Bering Sea and northeastern Pacific. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 66, 151 p. (Ref. 6793)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
人类利用
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 8.6 - 22.3, mean 12.8 °C (based on 100 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01479 (0.00665 - 0.03288), b=2.96 (2.77 - 3.15), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.80 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (Fec = 17; tm=9; tmax=16).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (79 of 100).
