分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Torpediniformes (Electric rays)
電鰩目 (Electric rays) >
Torpedinidae (Electric rays)
電 (Electric rays)
Etymology: californica: Named after the state of California (Ref. 6885).
More on author: Ayres.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 居於水底的; 深度上下限 0 - 906 m (Ref. 96339), usually 3 - 200 m (Ref. 55307). 溫帶; 48°N - 23°N, 126°W - 110°W (Ref. 55307)
Eastern Pacific: Dixon Entrance, British Columbia, Canada to Sebastian Vizcaino Bay, Baja California, Mexico. Electric rays off Peru, Chile, and Japan may belong to this species (Ref. 2850).
東太平洋: 狄克森入口, 到聖塞巴斯蒂昂 Vizcaino 海灣，墨西哥的下加利福尼亞的加拿大卑詩省。 電鱝外海的祕魯，智利與日本可能屬於這種.(參考文獻 2850)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ?, range 73 - ? cm
Max length : 140 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 12951); 137.0 cm TL (female); common length : 91.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 43939); common length :137 cm TL (female); 最大體重: 0.00 g; 最大年齡: 16 年 (Ref. 48844)
簡短描述
檢索表 | 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖
Gray with scattered black spots dorsally, no ocelli. 1st dorsal fin much larger than 2nd. Spiracle margin smooth and without papillae.
背面灰色的有分散的黑色斑點, 沒有假眼斑。 第一背鰭比第二大很多。 呼吸孔邊緣平滑的而且沒有乳突。
Found on the outer continental shelf, around rocks, in kelp beds, over fine sand bottoms or buried in sand. Solitary, nomadic, and can remain suspended in the water with minimal swimming (Ref. 12951). Feeds on bony fishes, mainly herrings and halibuts. Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Produces litters of up to 17 pups. Males reaches maturity at ca. 65 cm TL, females at ca. 73 cm TL (Ref. 114953). Attacks their prey from the substratum by day and actively forage at night with the aid of its electric organ discharge or EOD (Ref. 10011). The EOD of a large individual was measured at 50 V; with a low internal organ resistance the power output exceeded 1 kW (Ref. 10480). Aggressive when provoked but no human has yet been injured by the electric shock (Ref. 2850). Does not do well in aquariums (Ref. 12951).
在海藻床中,岩石的周圍, 棲息於大陸棚外緣了, 細砂底之上或者埋藏在沙中。 獨居性的﹐流浪性, 而且能保持懸浮於水中只用最小的游泳動作.(參考文獻 12951) 吃硬骨魚類, 主要地鯡魚與大比目魚。 卵胎生的.(參考文獻 50449) 白天攻擊下層土壤的獵物而且以它的發電器放電的幫助或 EOD 積極地覓食在晚上.(參考文獻 10011) 大個體的 EOD 在 50 V 被測量; 具有一個超過 1個千瓦的低電阻的內臟輸出。 (參考文獻 10480) 當被激怒時具有侵略性但是還沒有人類被電擊傷害.(參考文獻 2850) 養得不好在水族館。 (參考文獻 12951)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449).
Reproductive cycle appears to be annual in males and biannual in females (Ref. 48844). No defined birthing season (Ref. 48844).東太平洋: 狄克森入口, 到聖塞巴斯蒂昂 Vizcaino 海灣，墨西哥的下加利福尼亞的加拿大卑詩省。 電鱝外海的祕魯，智利與日本可能屬於這種.(參考文獻 2850)
Allen, M.J. and G.B. Smith, 1988. Atlas and zoogeography of common fishes in the Bering Sea and northeastern Pacific. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 66, 151 p. (Ref. 6793)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 05 January 2015
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 8.6 - 22.3, mean 12.8 °C (based on 100 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01479 (0.00665 - 0.03288), b=2.96 (2.77 - 3.15), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.80 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (Fec = 17; tm=9; tmax=16).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (79 of 100).
