Environment: milieu / climate zone / rango de profundidad / distribution range
Ecología
marino; salobre demersal; rango de profundidad 10 - ? m (Ref. 3573). Subtropical; 47°N - 29°N, 11°W - 42°E
Eastern Atlantic: Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, Sea of Azov and Atlantic coasts from Morocco to France. Introduced to Iran and is now naturally occurring in the Caspian Sea basin (Ref. 50218).
Length at first maturity / Tamaño / Peso / Age
Madurez: Lm 21.3, range 17 - 22 cm
Max length : 40.0 cm SL macho / no sexado; (Ref. 3397); common length : 30.0 cm TL macho / no sexado; (Ref. 9987); edad máxima reportada: 4 años (Ref. 27030)
Adults usually in schools inhabit coastal waters (Ref. 3573); sometimes in lagoons and estuaries (Ref. 59043). Juveniles around 2.0 cm SL move to coastal lagoons and estuaries in summer and autumn (Ref. 59043). Adults are herbivorous feeding on algae and vegetal detritus while juveniles feed on zooplankton until about 3 cm SL, then on benthic organisms until 5 cm SL (Ref. 9987, 59043). Reproduce in summer (Ref. 2804). Oviparous, eggs are pelagic and non-adhesive (Ref. 205). Utilized for roe, but also fresh, smoked and frozen (Ref. 9987).
Thomson, J.M., 1986. Mugilidae. p. 344-349. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Brussels, MRAC; Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3573)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Pesquerías: escaso valor comercial; Acuicultura: comercial
Herramientas
Special reports
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Fuentes de Internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Referencia
123201): 14.4 - 21.5, mean 18.4 °C (based on 154 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Referencia
82804): PD
50 = 0.5010 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01072 (0.00898 - 0.01278), b=2.96 (2.93 - 2.99), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Nivel trófico (Referencia
69278): 2.9 ±0.38 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 4.2 (3.4 - 5.5) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 12
growth studies.
Resiliencia (Referencia
120179): Medio, población duplicada en un tiempo mínimo de 1.4-4.4 años (K=0.1-0.3; tm=2-4; tmax=4).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (45 of 100).
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Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (39 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 51.7 [14.1, 292.9] mg/100g; Iron = 0.722 [0.360, 1.278] mg/100g; Protein = 18.4 [17.0, 20.0] %; Omega3 = 0.73 [0.33, 1.67] g/100g; Selenium = 6.96 [2.86, 17.33] μg/100g; VitaminA = 12.3 [3.7, 38.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.621 [0.386, 0.987] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.