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Acanthuriformes (Surgeonfishes) >
Ephippidae (Spadefishes, batfishes and scats)
Etymology: Chaetodipterus: Greek, chaite = hair + Greek, dipteros = with two fins (Ref. 45335).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Sinh thái học
Biển; Thuộc về nước lợ Cùng sống ở rạn san hô; Ở đại duơng, biển (Ref. 51243); Mức độ sâu 3 - 35 m (Ref. 26912). Subtropical; 43°N - 34°S, 98°W - 34°W
Western Atlantic: Massachusetts, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Ref. 47377).
Length at first maturity / Bộ gần gũi / Khối lượng (Trọng lượng) / Age
Maturity: Lm ?, range 12 - ? cm
Max length : 91.0 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 7251); common length : 50.4 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 26466); Khối lượng cực đại được công bố: 9.0 kg (Ref. 7251)
Các tia vây lưng cứng (tổng cộng) : 9; Các vây lưng mềm (tổng cộng) : 21 - 24; Tia cứng vây hậu môn: 3; Tia mềm vây hậu môn: 17 - 18. Very deep-bodied, compressed, disk-shaped fish with a very blunt snout. Irregular, bold, blackish, vertical bands that fade with age. Second dorsal and anal fins have high anterior lobes (Ref. 26938). Mouth small, the maxilla of adults ending beneath nostrils; no teeth on roof of mouth; scales ctenoid; head and fins scaled; opercle ends in an obtuse point (Ref. 13442).
Abundant in shallow coastal waters, from mangroves and sandy beaches to wrecks and harbors. Juveniles (black phase) are common in estuaries and often found in very shallow water swimming at an angle resembling dead leaves or as infertile red mangrove pods and other debris. Adults often occur in very large schools of up to 500 individuals (Ref. 9710). Feed on benthic invertebrates like crustaceans, mollusks, annelids, cnidarians as well as on plankton (Ref. 35237). Good food fish (Ref. 5521); marketed fresh (Ref. 5217). Often circles divers (Ref. 9710). Minimum depth from Ref. 9710. In southeastern Brazil found between 23 and 45 m (Ref. 47377). Has been reared in captivity (Ref. 35425).
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Threat to humans
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 30303)
Human uses
Các nghề cá: buôn bán nhỏ; Nuôi trồng thủy sản: Tính thương mại; cá để chơi: đúng; Bể nuôi cá: Bể cá công cộng
Các công cụ
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 22.6 - 28, mean 25.4 °C (based on 380 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.03311 (0.02581 - 0.04248), b=2.94 (2.87 - 3.01), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Mức dinh dưỡng (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Thích nghi nhanh (Ref.
120179): Trung bình, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là 1.4 - 4.4 năm (tmax=8; tm=1; K=0.34).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (52 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 16 [7, 41] mg/100g; Iron = 0.412 [0.214, 0.762] mg/100g; Protein = 20.3 [19.1, 21.4] %; Omega3 = 0.165 [0.090, 0.311] g/100g; Selenium = 15.9 [6.9, 34.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 24.7 [5.6, 116.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.532 [0.327, 0.832] mg/100g (wet weight);
