Environment: milieu / climate zone / गहराई सीमा / distribution range
पारिस्थितिकी
समुद्री; स्वच्छ जल, अलवण जल; खारा ड़िमरसल. Tropical; 13°N - 11°S, 77°W - 35°W
Western Atlantic: Caribbean and Atlantic draining rivers and estuaries from Colombia to Brazil.
Length at first maturity / आकार / वज़न / Age
परिपक्व अवधि: Lm 36.6 range ? - 44.7 cm
Max length : 100.0 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 3265); common length : 50.0 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 3265); अधिकतम प्रकाशित वज़न: 9.0 kg (Ref. 5217); अधिकतम सूचित उम्र: 4 वर्षो (Ref. 51629)
पृष्ठीय रीढ़ (सम्पूर्ण) : 1. The head is more or less flattened, the nostril nearly rounded, mouth inferior. There are three pairs of barbels, 1 pair of maxillary barbel and 2 pairs of mandibular barbels.
Body shape (shape guide): elongated.
Inhabits mainly brackish estuaries and lagoons. Occurs also in freshwaters (Ref. 58022). Found on shallow muddy bottoms (Ref. 5217). Feeds on fish and shrimps. Two annual cycles of slower growth occur during the dry seasons (March and August to November). Life span is three to four years. Sexually mature at 1.5 to 2 years of age. Reproduction takes place from November to April. Consumed as food (Ref. 35381). Marketed fresh. The skull is sold throughout the world as crucifix.
Pairing involved in reproduction. Mouth brooding may be employed (Ref. 205).
Taylor, W.R. and N.A. Menezes, 1978. Ariidae. In W. Fischer (ed.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. West Atlantic (Fishing Area 31). volume 1. [pag. var.]. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3265)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
Threat to humans
Traumatogenic (Ref. 36613)
Human uses
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इंटरनेट स्रोत
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (संदर्भ
123201): 26.9 - 27.8, mean 27.4 °C (based on 66 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (संदर्भ
82804): PD
50 = 0.5078 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00617 (0.00377 - 0.01008), b=3.17 (3.02 - 3.32), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (संदर्भ
69278): 4.4 ±0.7 se; based on diet studies.
लौटाव (संदर्भ
120179): ऊंचा, न्यूनतम जनसंख्या दुगनी समय अवलागत 15 महीने। (tm=1.5; tmax=3.5; K=0.5).
Prior r = 0.98, 95% CL = 0.65 - 1.47, Based on 3 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 98.3 [51.2, 205.4] mg/100g; Iron = 1.09 [0.68, 1.92] mg/100g; Protein = 17.3 [15.6, 19.0] %; Omega3 = 0.169 [0.095, 0.304] g/100g; Selenium = 68.5 [33.7, 141.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 16.1 [6.8, 40.8] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.811 [0.533, 1.257] mg/100g (wet weight);
