Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 底中水層性; 深度上下限 0 - 5 m (Ref. 86942). 熱帶; 22°C - 30°C (Ref. 1672); 13°N - 29°S, 32°E - 155°E
Indo-West Pacific: Somalia (Ref. 30573) and Kenya to South Africa, Australia and Papua New Guinea. Also found in the rivers and lagoons of East Africa.
印度-西太平洋: 索馬利亞 (參考文獻 30573) 與肯亞到南非，澳洲與巴布亞新幾內亞。 也發現於東非的河川與潟湖。
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 30.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 6800)
背棘 (總數) : 11; 背的軟條 (總數) : 15 - 18; 臀棘: 4; 臀鰭軟條: 14 - 15.
Common in harbors and estuaries (Ref. 5480); also found in rivers and lagoons. Forms shoals (Ref. 5480). Feeds on detritus and benthic invertebrates (Ref. 30573). Antirolateral glandular groove with venom gland (Ref. 57406).
常見於港灣與河口;(參考文獻 5480) 也發現於河川與潟湖。 淺水型.(參考文獻 5480) 吃碎屑與底棲的無脊椎動物。 (參考文獻 30573)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
印度-西太平洋: 索馬利亞 (參考文獻 30573) 與肯亞到南非，澳洲與巴布亞新幾內亞。 也發現於東非的河川與潟湖。
Arnoult, J., 1986. Scatophagidae. p. 341. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ORSTOM, Paris and MRAC, Tervuren. Vol. 2. (Ref. 6800)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 28 June 2016
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 水族館: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.7 - 28.6, mean 27 °C (based on 364 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.8125 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.02570 (0.01005 - 0.06572), b=2.96 (2.75 - 3.17), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 2.8 ±0.25 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 高度, 族群倍增時間少於 15個月 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (20 of 100).
