分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 半咸淡水 礁区鱼类; 深度上下限 1 - 200 m (Ref. 89972), usually ? - 50 m (Ref. 37816). 熱帶; 29°N - 39°S, 24°E - 122°W (Ref. 5222)
Indo-Pacific: Red Sea to Algoa Bay, South Africa and eastward to the Hawaiian and Pitcairn islands, north to southern Japan, south to Australia. Absence in the Persian Gulf is puzzling.
印度-太平洋: 紅海到南非奧歌亞灣與向東至夏威夷與皮特凱恩群島, 北至日本南部, 南至澳洲。 不存在於波斯灣正在困惑。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ?, range 129 - ? cm
Max length : 270 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 5213); common length : 190 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 5450); 最大体重: 400.0 kg (Ref. 26367)
背棘 (总数) : 11; 背的软条 (总数) : 14 - 16; 臀棘: 3; 臀鳍软条: 8. This species is distinguished by the following characters: robust body, its width 1.5-1.75 in body depth; body depth 2.3-3.4 in SL (for specimens 12-179 cm SL); head length 2.2-2.7 in SL; eye diameter 5.8-14 in HL; interorbital width 3.3 (at 177 cm SL) to 6.2 (at 12 cm SL) in HL; preopercle finely serrate, the corner rounded; upper edge of operculum convex; midlateral part of lower jaw with 2-3 rows of teeth (at 20-25 cm SL) increasing to 15-16 rows in specimen of 177 cm SL; canine teeth at front of jaws small or absent; pill rakers of first gill arch 8-10 + 14-17; dorsal fin third to eleventh spines subequal, shorter than longest soft rays; short pelvic fins, 23.0-2.7 in head length; caudal fin rounded; lateral-line scales 54-62, the anterior scales with branched tubules (except small juveniles). Colour: small juveniles (less than 15 cm) yellow, with 3 irregular black areas, the first from spinous dorsal fin to belly and chest and extending onto head, the second from base of soft dorsal fin to anal fin and the last at base of caudal fin; subadults (25-60 cm) with irregular white or yellow spots on the black areas and fins with black spots; adults (90-165 cm) dark brown with faint mottling, the fins with numerous small black spots; large adults 180-250 cm) dark brown, fins darker (Ref. 39231, 89707, 90102).
大从前面到背面的个体体型增大的背鳍棘。 它是所有珊瑚礁住处硬骨鱼类的最大的。 (参考文献 37816)
The largest bony fish found in coral reefs (Ref. 9710). Individuals more than a meter long have been caught from shore and in harbors. Common in shallow waters. Found in caves or wrecks; also in estuaries. Juveniles secretive in reefs and rarely seen (Ref. 48635). Benthopelagic and benthic (Ref. 58302). Feed on spiny lobsters, fishes, including small sharks and batoids, and juvenile sea turtles and crustaceans. In South African estuaries, the main prey item is the mud crab, Scylla serrata. Unconfirmed reports of fatal attacks on humans. Nearly wiped out in heavily fished areas (Ref. 9710). Large individuals may be ciguatoxic (Ref. 37816). In the Hong Kong live fish markets (Ref. 27253). It is not common enough to be of commercial importance; rare in some places due to spearfishing; also caught with hook-and-line and spear (Ref. 39231).
最大的硬骨鱼发现于珊瑚礁了。 (参考文献 9710) 常见于浅水域。 发现于洞穴或残骸了; 也在河口。 个体超过一公尺长曾经从海岸与在港湾中捕捉。 稚鱼躲躲藏藏的在礁而且很少地见到.(参考文献 48635) 吃棘龙虾，鱼,包括小的鲨鱼与鳐 , 与幼年的海龟与甲壳动物。 在南非河口, 主要的猎物项目是泥螃蟹， Scylla serrata. 致命的攻击人类的未被证实报告。 几乎在很重地鱼的区域中消除。 (参考文献 9710) 在香港活鱼贩售。 (参考文献 27253) 大的个体可能具有热带海鱼毒.(参考文献 37816)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
印度-太平洋: 紅海到南非奧歌亞灣與向東至夏威夷與皮特凱恩群島, 北至日本南部, 南至澳洲。 不存在於波斯灣正在困惑。
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
人类利用
渔业: 自给性渔业; 养殖: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的; 水族馆: 商业性
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特别资料
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.3 - 29.1, mean 28.1 °C (based on 1346 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01175 (0.00568 - 0.02430), b=3.04 (2.88 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.60 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增时间超过14 年 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 9.03 [3.72, 21.56] mg/100g; Iron = 0.376 [0.174, 0.785] mg/100g; Protein = 18.7 [17.0, 20.3] %; Omega3 = 0.104 [0.054, 0.200] g/100g; Selenium = 66.4 [30.6, 148.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 117 [25, 595] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.982 [0.614, 1.516] mg/100g (wet weight);
