分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 礁區魚類; 深度上下限 1 - 200 m (Ref. 89972), usually ? - 50 m (Ref. 37816). 熱帶; 29°N - 39°S, 24°E - 122°W (Ref. 5222)
Indo-Pacific: Red Sea to Algoa Bay, South Africa and eastward to the Hawaiian and Pitcairn islands, north to southern Japan, south to Australia. Absence in the Persian Gulf is puzzling.
印度-太平洋: 紅海到南非奧歌亞灣與向東至夏威夷與皮特凱恩群島, 北至日本南部, 南至澳洲。 不存在於波斯灣正在困惑。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ?, range 129 - ? cm
Max length : 270 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5213); common length : 190 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5450); 最大體重: 400.0 kg (Ref. 26367)
背棘 (總數) : 11; 背的軟條 (總數) : 14 - 16; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 8. This species is distinguished by the following characters: robust body, its width 1.5-1.75 in body depth; body depth 2.3-3.4 in SL (for specimens 12-179 cm SL); head length 2.2-2.7 in SL; eye diameter 5.8-14 in HL; interorbital width 3.3 (at 177 cm SL) to 6.2 (at 12 cm SL) in HL; preopercle finely serrate, the corner rounded; upper edge of operculum convex; midlateral part of lower jaw with 2-3 rows of teeth (at 20-25 cm SL) increasing to 15-16 rows in specimen of 177 cm SL; canine teeth at front of jaws small or absent; pill rakers of first gill arch 8-10 + 14-17; dorsal fin third to eleventh spines subequal, shorter than longest soft rays; short pelvic fins, 23.0-2.7 in head length; caudal fin rounded; lateral-line scales 54-62, the anterior scales with branched tubules (except small juveniles). Colour: small juveniles (less than 15 cm) yellow, with 3 irregular black areas, the first from spinous dorsal fin to belly and chest and extending onto head, the second from base of soft dorsal fin to anal fin and the last at base of caudal fin; subadults (25-60 cm) with irregular white or yellow spots on the black areas and fins with black spots; adults (90-165 cm) dark brown with faint mottling, the fins with numerous small black spots; large adults 180-250 cm) dark brown, fins darker (Ref. 39231, 89707, 90102).
大從前面到背面的個體體型增大的背鰭棘。 它是所有珊瑚礁住處硬骨魚類的最大的。 (參考文獻 37816)
The largest bony fish found in coral reefs (Ref. 9710). Individuals more than a meter long have been caught from shore and in harbors. Common in shallow waters. Found in caves or wrecks; also in estuaries. Juveniles secretive in reefs and rarely seen (Ref. 48635). Benthopelagic and benthic (Ref. 58302). Feed on spiny lobsters, fishes, including small sharks and batoids, and juvenile sea turtles and crustaceans. In South African estuaries, the main prey item is the mud crab, Scylla serrata. Unconfirmed reports of fatal attacks on humans. Nearly wiped out in heavily fished areas (Ref. 9710). Large individuals may be ciguatoxic (Ref. 37816). In the Hong Kong live fish markets (Ref. 27253). It is not common enough to be of commercial importance; rare in some places due to spearfishing; also caught with hook-and-line and spear (Ref. 39231).
最大的硬骨魚發現於珊瑚礁了。 (參考文獻 9710) 常見於淺水域。 發現於洞穴或殘骸了; 也在河口。 個體超過一公尺長曾經從海岸與在港灣中捕捉。 稚魚躲躲藏藏的在礁而且很少地見到.(參考文獻 48635) 吃棘龍蝦，魚,包括小的鯊魚與鰩 , 與幼年的海龜與甲殼動物。 在南非河口, 主要的獵物項目是泥螃蟹， Scylla serrata. 致命的攻擊人類的未被證實報告。 幾乎在很重地魚的區域中消除。 (參考文獻 9710) 在香港活魚販售。 (參考文獻 27253) 大的個體可能具有熱帶海魚毒.(參考文獻 37816)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
印度-太平洋: 紅海到南非奧歌亞灣與向東至夏威夷與皮特凱恩群島, 北至日本南部, 南至澳洲。 不存在於波斯灣正在困惑。
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
人類使用
漁業: 自給性漁業; 養殖: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的; 水族館: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.3 - 29.1, mean 28.1 °C (based on 1346 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01175 (0.00568 - 0.02430), b=3.04 (2.88 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.60 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 9.03 [3.72, 21.56] mg/100g; Iron = 0.376 [0.174, 0.785] mg/100g; Protein = 18.7 [17.0, 20.3] %; Omega3 = 0.104 [0.054, 0.200] g/100g; Selenium = 66.4 [30.6, 148.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 117 [25, 595] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.982 [0.614, 1.516] mg/100g (wet weight);
