Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologie
marien; brak water demersaal; diepte 55 - 73 m (Ref. 5951). Temperate; 50°N - 29°N, 82°W - 52°W
Western Atlantic: Gulf of St. Lawrence in Canada to northern Florida in USA.
Lengte bij maturiteit / Grootte / Gewicht / Leeftijd
Maturity: Lm 21.9  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 45.7 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 5951); max. gerapporteerde leeftijd: 7 Jaren (Ref. 1093)
Occurs from shore to 45 m depth, occasionally in deeper water.
Levenscyclus en paargedrag
Maturities | Voortplanting | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larven
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
Status op de Rode Lijst van het IUCN (Ref. 130435)
Gevaar voor de mens
Harmless
Gebruik door de mens
Visserij: commercieel
Tools
Speciale rapporten
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 0.9 - 10.4, mean 4.7 °C (based on 23 cells).
Fylogenetische diversiteitsindex (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5645 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01023 (0.00778 - 0.01346), b=2.99 (2.92 - 3.06), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trofisch niveau (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 4.5 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
Weerstandsvermogen (Ref.
120179): Gemiddeld, minimale populatieverdubbelingstijd 1,4-4,4 jaar (K=0.24).
Prior r = 0.18, 95% CL = 0.12 - 0.28, Based on 2 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (43 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (58 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 41.4 [18.6, 70.4] mg/100g; Iron = 0.163 [0.064, 0.733] mg/100g; Protein = 18.9 [17.4, 20.4] %; Omega3 = 0.279 [0.149, 0.526] g/100g; Selenium = 11.6 [5.3, 26.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 13.9 [3.8, 53.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.234 [0.136, 0.778] mg/100g (wet weight);