分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) >
Pleuronectidae (Righteye flounders) > Hippoglossinae
Etymology: Reinhardtius: Because of Johannes Christopher H. Reinhardt, Danish zoologist, studied under Vahl and Cuvier, professor in Kobanhavn in 1813 (1776-1845) (Ref. 45335).
Eponymy: Dr Johannes Christopher Hagemann Reinhardt (1778–1845) was a Norwegian zoologist who became Professor of Zoology (1814) at the University of Copenhagen. [...] (Ref. 128868), visit book page.
More on author: Walbaum.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 底中水层性; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 1 - 2200 m (Ref. 108960), usually 500 - 1000 m (Ref. 6263). 北方生物带; -1°C - 4°C (Ref. 43586); 79°N - 33°N, 180°W - 180°E (Ref. 54862)
Circumglobal: In arctic and temperate waters; northern hemisphere. Sea of Japan off Honshu north to Shishmaref, Alaska in the Chukchi Sea, throughout the Aleutian Islands, and southeast to northern Baja California, Mexico. North Atlantic: New Jersey, USA to Spitsbergen (Svalbard Islands) and the Barents Sea south to Ireland. Northwest Atlantic: Canada (Ref. 5951).
北极圈。 北太平洋: 日本海外海的本州岛北至 Shishmaref, 阿拉斯加州在楚克其人海洋中, 在阿留申群岛各处, 而且向东南到墨西哥的下加利福尼亚北部。 北大西洋: 对斯匹次卑尔根群岛 (冷岸岛) 与巴伦支海的美国纽泽西南至爱尔兰。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 63.5, range 65 - 80 cm
Max length : 110 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 80637); 130.0 cm TL (female); common length : 56.0 cm FL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 55110); 最大体重: 7.0 kg (Ref. 173); 最大体重: 7.0 kg; 最大年龄: 36 年 (Ref. 117245)
背棘 (总数) : 0; 背的软条 (总数) : 83 - 108; 臀棘: 0; 臀鳍软条: 62 - 79; 脊椎骨: 60 - 64. Dorsal origin behind posterior edge of upper eye. Caudal slightly forked to truncate. Pectorals small.
在眼睛上方的后缘后面的背鳍起点。 尾部的些微地对截形分岔。 胸鳍小的。
Often caught pelagically (Ref. 4705). Adults prefer bottom temperatures of -0.5°C to 6.0°C (Ref. 5951). Epibenthic (Ref. 58426). Feed on crustaceans, fishes (Ref. 4705, 6885), eelpouts, capelin, redfishes, deep sea prawns and other bottom invertebrates (Ref. 35388). Batch spawner (Ref. 51846). Utilized dried or salted and frozen; can be steamed and fried (Ref. 9988). Size of the Greenland halibut collected from 400-599 m deep in eastern Bering Sea, ranged from 9 to 99 cm FL with a mean of 56 cm (Ref. 55110).
时常远洋地捕获。 (参考文献 4705) 吃甲壳动物，鱼 (参考文献 4705,6885) ，黏鱼之类， capelin ，雄鲑，深的海洋虾与其他的底栖无脊椎动物。 (参考文献 35388) 利用干燥或盐腌与冷冻; 能被蒸而且油炸。 (参考文献 9988) 格陵兰大比目鱼的大小采集自了 400-599 公尺深在东方的白令海中, 范围从 9 到 99 公分 FL 具有一个 56 公分意谓.(参考文献 55110)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Fertilized eggs develop in approximately 50 days. Larvae are pelagic with a maximum size of 8 cm and will drift for about 4 months before settling at about 7 cm on clay-silt subtrates at depths of 300-450 m, after which they metamorphose (Ref. 117245).北极圈。 北太平洋: 日本海外海的本州岛北至 Shishmaref, 阿拉斯加州在楚克其人海洋中, 在阿留申群岛各处, 而且向东南到墨西哥的下加利福尼亚北部。 北大西洋: 对斯匹次卑尔根群岛 (冷岸岛) 与巴伦支海的美国纽泽西南至爱尔兰。
Vinnikov, K.A., R.C. Thomson and T.A. Munroe, 2018. Revised classification of the righteye flounders (Teleostei: Pleuronectidae) based on multilocus phylogeny with complete taxon sampling. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 125:147-162. (Ref. 122998)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
临近濒危 (NT) (A4bcd); Date assessed: 24 February 2021
人类利用
渔业: 高经济性; 游钓鱼种: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 0.5 - 4.2, mean 3 °C (based on 361 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00363 (0.00291 - 0.00453), b=3.19 (3.12 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.4 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 12.2 (11.0 - 15.7) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 10
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.07-0.10; tm=7-12; tmax=30; Fec=6,800).
Prior r = 0.26, 95% CL = 0.17 - 0.39, Based on 13 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (71 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (39 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 6.69 [3.30, 13.54] mg/100g; Iron = 0.117 [0.062, 0.270] mg/100g; Protein = 15 [13, 17] %; Omega3 = 0.262 [0.104, 0.631] g/100g; Selenium = 44.6 [20.3, 101.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 17.9 [3.9, 85.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.308 [0.204, 0.448] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
