分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 降海洄游 (Ref. 46888). ; 16°S - 36°S
Southeast Atlantic: South African coastal waters from Walfish Bay to Natal.
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 25.0 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 40.5 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3573); common length : 30.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 2830)
背棘 (總數) : 5; 背的軟條 (總數) : 8 - 9; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 9.
Found in coastal waters, mainly off rocky points and sandy beaches; may enter estuaries which serve as nursery areas (Ref. 27121). Feed mainly on diatoms and detritus, but also on planktonic crustaceans (Ref. 27121). Oviparous, eggs are pelagic and non-adhesive (Ref. 205). A primary target species of the inshore net fishery and much of it is sold salted and dried and known as 'bokkoms'. It is also an important exhibit species in public aquaria in South Africa. It is parasitised by the monogenean Gyrodactylus molweni on the external body surface (Ref. 124050).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
Smith, M.M. and J.L.B. Smith, 1986. Mugilidae. p. 714-720. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 4393)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 水族館: 公眾的水族館
工具
特別的報告
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網路資源
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 14.8 - 27, mean 24.8 °C (based on 56 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01096 (0.00602 - 0.01998), b=2.95 (2.80 - 3.10), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 2.4 ±0.16 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (31 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 53.2 [14.2, 311.9] mg/100g; Iron = 0.741 [0.382, 1.308] mg/100g; Protein = 18.2 [16.8, 19.7] %; Omega3 = 0.681 [0.307, 1.551] g/100g; Selenium = 7.2 [3.0, 17.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 11.3 [3.4, 37.6] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.691 [0.433, 1.097] mg/100g (wet weight);
