Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά) Υφαλόφιλο(α); ωκεανόδρομο(ς) (Ref. 51243); εύρος βάθους 1 - ? m (Ref. 9988). Temperate; 45°N - 25°N
Western Atlantic: Canada (Ref. 5951) to Maine to northeastern Florida in USA and eastern Gulf of Mexico; reaches extreme southern Florida during cold winters.
Length at first maturity / Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Maturity: Lm 19.1, range 11 - ? cm
Max length : 66.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 40637); common length : 30.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 3708); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 4.3 kg (Ref. 4699); μεγ. αναφερόμενη ηλικία: 20 έτη (Ref. 34089)
Commonly found around rock jetties and on rocky bottoms in shallow water. Marketed fresh and eaten fried, broiled and baked (Ref. 9988).
Also Ref. 32209, 103751.
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Human uses
αλιεία: Εμπορικό(ά); αλιεία αναψυχής: ναί; Ενυδρείο: Δημόσια ενυδρεία
Εργαλεία
Special reports
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 10.8 - 24.9, mean 23.6 °C (based on 244 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01148 (0.00969 - 0.01361), b=3.04 (2.99 - 3.09), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref.
69278): 3.9 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Ελαστικότητα (Ref.
120179): Μεσαίο(α), ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 1,4 - 4,4 έτη (K=0.23-0.46; tmax=20).
Prior r = 0.28, 95% CL = 0.18 - 0.42, Based on 3 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (32 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (46 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 10.3 [5.8, 21.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.206 [0.105, 0.391] mg/100g; Protein = 18.8 [16.9, 20.6] %; Omega3 = 0.401 [0.220, 0.718] g/100g; Selenium = 9.98 [4.95, 22.14] μg/100g; VitaminA = 60 [17, 246] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.411 [0.270, 0.632] mg/100g (wet weight);
