Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ökologie
seewasser; süßwasser; brackwasser demersal; katadrom (Ref. 46888); tiefenbereich 2 - 15 m (Ref. 130217). Subtropical; 65°N - 12°N, 24°W - 36°E
Eastern Atlantic: Scandinavia and Iceland (Ref. 4537) south to Senegal and Cape Verde. Also Mediterranean Sea; southwestern Black Sea (Ref. 2058).
Length at first maturity / Size / Gewicht / Alter
Maturity: Lm 29.5  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 75.0 cm SL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 35388); common length : 32.0 cm SL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 7399); max. veröff. Gewicht: 4.5 kg (Ref. 35388); max. veröff. Alter: 25 Jahre (Ref. 35388)
Rückenflossenstacheln (insgesamt) : 5; Rückenflossenweichstrahlen (insgesamt) : 7 - 9; Afterflossenstacheln: 3; Afterflossenweichstrahlen: 8 - 9.
Adults are found inshore in schools, frequently entering brackish lagoons and freshwater (Ref. 30578). They migrate occasionally tending to move northward in summer-time as temperatures rise. Females are larger than males (Ref. 59043). Adults feed mainly on benthic diatoms, epiphytic algae, small invertebrates and detritus (Ref. 2804), juveniles only feed on zooplankton (Ref. 59043). Oviparous (Ref. 205). Reproduction occurs in the sea during winter (Ref. 30578). Eggs and larvae pelagic. Utilized as a food fish (Ref. 4645).
Juveniles around 2.0 cm SL move to coastal lagoons and estuaries in April-June and return to sea in summer (Ref. 59043).
Thomson, J.M., 1986. Mugilidae. p. 344-349. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Brussels, MRAC; Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3573)
IUCN Rote Liste Status (Ref. 130435)
Bedrohung für Menschen
Harmless
Nutzung durch Menschen
Fischereien: kommerziell; Sportfisch: ja; Aquarium: Öffentliche Aquarien
Tools
Zusatzinformationen
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Internet Quellen
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 8.8 - 20.1, mean 11 °C (based on 420 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00724 (0.00559 - 0.00939), b=3.11 (3.03 - 3.19), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 2.6 ±0.32 se; based on food items.
Widerstandsfähigkeit (Ref.
120179): mittel, Verdopplung der Population dauert 1,4 - 4,4 Jahre. (K=0.12-0.17; tm=3; tmax=25).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (63 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 39.2 [10.7, 335.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.623 [0.303, 1.151] mg/100g; Protein = 17.9 [16.5, 19.5] %; Omega3 = 0.399 [0.166, 0.964] g/100g; Selenium = 9.58 [3.60, 24.88] μg/100g; VitaminA = 7.52 [2.12, 24.93] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.571 [0.342, 0.951] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.