分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 深海底的; 深度上下限 50 - 1000 m (Ref. 6688). 5°C - 13°C; 45°N - 29°S, 180°W - 180°E
Circumglobal in temperate and tropical regions. Eastern Atlantic: Spain to at least 19°S, including the Mediterranean, Canary Islands and Cape Verde. Western Atlantic: southern New England, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to northern South America (Ref. 7251). Northwest Atlantic: Canada (Ref. 5951).
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 40.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 36731); common length : 20.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 2683)
背棘 (總數) : 0; 背的軟條 (總數) : 10 - 11; 臀棘: 0; 臀鰭軟條: 8 - 10. Body slightly compressed. The head is small; eyes large, diameter greater than snout length. Color is yellow-fawn, with irregular oblique brown blotches on the sides. The operculum is silver-black; anus and gill cavity black; belly stippled black; caudal fin base and inner ventral fin rays black.
Found on the continental shelf and upper slope over mud and clay bottom. Catch data indicate a schooling habit. Feeds mainly on bottom-living invertebrates. Also known to feed on pelagic crustaceans like euphausiids, decapods and mysids (Ref. 27637). A hermaphroditic species. Marketed fresh and sometimes made into fishmeal (Ref. 6688). Young are pelagic, living near the surface, the adults are demersal, living between 50 and 1000 m depth (Ref. 47377).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
Merrett, N.R., 1990. Chlorophthalmidae. p. 351-360. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 1. (Ref. 3590)
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 6.4 - 19.2, mean 12.7 °C (based on 1136 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00417 (0.00313 - 0.00555), b=3.15 (3.06 - 3.24), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (Assuming tm=3-4).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (30 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 24.1 [9.7, 65.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.373 [0.127, 0.790] mg/100g; Protein = 15.2 [12.2, 17.6] %; Omega3 = 0.213 [0.066, 0.535] g/100g; Selenium = 19.3 [6.0, 45.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 10.2 [1.8, 53.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.481 [0.300, 0.738] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
