分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Clupeiformes (Herrings)
鯡形目 (Herrings) >
Engraulidae (Anchovies)
鯷科 (Anchovies) > Engraulinae
Etymology: Engraulis: Greek, eggraulis, -eos = anchovy (Ref. 45335); mordax: Genus name from the Greek 'engraulis' meaning anchovy; species name from the Latin 'mordax' meaning biting (Ref. 27436).
More on author: Girard.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 深度上下限 0 - 310 m (Ref. 96339), usually ? - 219 m (Ref. 54433). 亞熱帶的; 51°N - 21°N, 131°W - 108°W (Ref. 54433)
Northeast Pacific: northern Vancouver Island south to Cape San Lucas, Baja California, Mexico. Two subspecies recognized: Engraulis mordax mordax from British Columbia to Baja California and Engraulis mordax nanus in Bays of California.
東北太平洋: 溫哥華島北部南至岬桑河盧卡斯，墨西哥的下加利福尼亞。 二個亞種辨認出: 在加州的海灣中的從卑詩省到下加利福尼亞的 美洲鯷〔Engraulis mordax〕 mordax 與 美洲鯷〔Engraulis mordax〕 nanus。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 9.6 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 24.8 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 27436); common length : 15.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 9988); 最大體重: 68.00 g (Ref. 56527); 最大年齡: 7 年 (Ref. 6884)
背棘 (總數) : 0; 背的軟條 (總數) : 14 - 19; 臀棘: 0; 臀鰭軟條: 19 - 26; 脊椎骨: 43 - 47. Snout quite sharply pointed; maxilla moderate, tip sharply pointed, reaching to or almost to hind border of pre-operculum, projecting well beyond tip of second supra-maxilla; tip of lower jaw below nostril. gill rakers slender, long; absent on hind face of third epibranchial. Anal fin origin under about base of last dorsal fin ray. A silver stripe along flank, disappearing with age.
吻相當非常尖; 顎骨中等的, 頂端非常尖的, 延伸到或幾乎到前鰓蓋的後部邊緣, 突出的越過第二個上顎骨的頂端; 在鼻孔之下的下頜的頂端。 鰓耙細長的, 長的; 在第三個上鰓骨的後部面貌上不存在。 在大約最後背鰭鰭條的基底下面的臀鰭起源。 一條銀色的斑紋沿著側面,隨著年齡而消失。
Usually found in coastal waters within about 30 km from shore, but as far out as 480 km, forming large, tightly packed schools. Enters bays and inlets. Feeds on euphausiids, copepods and decapod larvae, both by random filter-feeding and by 'pecking' at prey. Oviparous, epipelagic batch spawner (Ref. 6882). Spawns throughout the year, peaking once (Ref. 6882). Processed into fishmeal, used as bait for tuna, occasionally canned (Ref. 9298).
大約在距離海岸 30 公里之內的通常發現於沿岸水域, 但是遠達 480 公里, 形成大的, 緊緊地包裝了魚群。 進入灣內。 吃磷蝦, 橈腳類的動物與十足目幼生, 兩者都被隨機濾食與被 '以喙啄' 在獵物。 卵生的，表層帶分批產卵者.(參考文獻 6882) 產卵全年度, 到達高點一次。 (參考文獻 6882) 對於鮪魚加工成魚粉 , 用來當魚餌了, 偶然地裝於罐頭。 (參考文獻 9298)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Spawns from British Colombia south to Magdalena Bay, Baja California, but most abundantly between Point Conception and Point San Juanico. There are two major spawning areas: 1) off southern California and northern Baja California and 2) off central and southern Baja California. Oviparous (Ref. 35602). Spawns either in inlets or offshore, throughout the year but mainly in winter and early spring, depending on hydrological conditions (preferably at 10 to 23.3° C in upper water layers and around 22.00 hours). Spawning occurs at night between 2000 and 0400 hour (Ref. 6882).東北太平洋: 溫哥華島北部南至岬桑河盧卡斯，墨西哥的下加利福尼亞。 二個亞種辨認出: 在加州的海灣中的從卑詩省到下加利福尼亞的 美洲鯷〔Engraulis mordax〕 mordax 與 美洲鯷〔Engraulis mordax〕 nanus。
Whitehead, P.J.P., G.J. Nelson and T. Wongratana, 1988. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/2):305-579. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 189)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 誘餌: usually
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 7.6 - 14.9, mean 9 °C (based on 55 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00550 (0.00348 - 0.00867), b=3.08 (2.94 - 3.22), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.1 ±0.28 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 2.3 (1.6 - 2.6) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 17
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (rm=0.36; K=0.2-0.6; tm=1-4; tmax=7; Fec=4000).
Prior r = 0.50, 95% CL = 0.33 - 0.75, Based on 2 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (24 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Low vulnerability (22 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 159 [69, 355] mg/100g; Iron = 1.23 [0.60, 2.84] mg/100g; Protein = 18.6 [17.4, 19.9] %; Omega3 = 0.841 [0.514, 1.405] g/100g; Selenium = 20.5 [9.8, 42.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 13.9 [3.2, 56.6] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.01 [0.65, 1.56] mg/100g (wet weight);
