Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologia
marino demersale; distribuzione batimetrica 23 - 306 m (Ref. 9342). Subtropical; 34°N - 19°S, 120°W - 70°W
Eastern Pacific: Playa del Rey in southern California, USA to Peru.
Size / Peso / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 42.0 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 9342); peso massimo pubblicato: 680.00 g (Ref. 40637)
A sharp spine projecting anteriorly from ventral border of urohyal (Ref. 40817).
Probably forms schools and lives near the bottom in deep waters (Ref. 9342). Of some commercial importance in zones where it is abundant (Ref. 9342).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturità | Riproduzione | Deposizione | Uova | Fecundity | Larve
Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald and H. Hammann, 1983. A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America. Boston (MA, USA): Houghton Mifflin Company. xii+336 p. (Ref. 2850)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Pesca: scarso interesse commerciale
Strumenti
Special reports
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Fonti Internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13 - 21.4, mean 15.2 °C (based on 78 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01122 (0.00514 - 0.02450), b=3.04 (2.87 - 3.21), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resilienza (Ref.
120179): Medio, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione 1.4 - 4.4 anni (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (32 of 100).
