Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
laut berasosiasi dengan karang; kisaran kedalaman 0 - 5 m (Ref. 3723), usually 0 - 2 m (Ref. 40849). Subtropical; 43°N - 13°S
Western Atlantic: Massachusetts, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to Brazil, including the Caribbean Sea (Ref. 3723); absent in Bermuda. Eastern Atlantic: Cape Verde and Dakar, Senegal to Luanda, Angola (Ref. 4497).
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / umur
Maturity: Lm 19.3  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 55.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 2683); common length : 35.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 3633); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 200.00 g (Ref. 5217)
duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)) : 13 - 14; Sirip dubur lunak: 12 - 13. No ridge between nostril and eye (Ref. 26938).
An inshore, surface-dwelling species forming sizeable schools (Ref. 3723). Feeds mainly on sea grasses and small fishes (Ref. 3723). Mainly used as bait for offshore game fishes such as sailfishes and marlins; utilized as a food fish in the West Indies (Ref. 3723).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Reproduksi, perkembang biakan | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larva
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435)
ancaman kepada manusia
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 30911)
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: nilai komersial kecil; umpan: usually
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 20.5 - 28.1, mean 27.3 °C (based on 858 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00380 (0.00278 - 0.00520), b=3.08 (3.02 - 3.14), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 2.3 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 1.9 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
Daya lenting (Ref.
120179): sedang, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 1.4 - 4.4 tahun (K=0.58 questionable; assuming tmax>3).
Prior r = 0.46, 95% CL = 0.31 - 0.69, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (27 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (75 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 62.8 [19.5, 142.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.681 [0.267, 1.717] mg/100g; Protein = 18.4 [15.6, 20.9] %; Omega3 = 0.136 [0.053, 0.389] g/100g; Selenium = 14.2 [5.6, 39.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 31.6 [6.7, 165.2] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.985 [0.565, 1.712] mg/100g (wet weight);