分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 居於水底的; 深度上下限 30 - 400 m (Ref. 5222). 亞熱帶的; 46°N - 18°S, 19°W - 41°E
Eastern Atlantic: Portugal to Angola, including the Mediterranean.
東大西洋: 葡萄牙到安哥拉, 包括地中海。
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 164 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 89707); 最大體重: 35.0 kg (Ref. 5222)
背棘 (總數) : 11; 背的軟條 (總數) : 13 - 14; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 8. Distinguished by the following characteristics: uniformly dark reddish brown or greyish violet to yellowish grey; posterior parts of median fins with distinct white edge; 2-3 dark bands radiating posteriorly from the eye, uppermost extends from the eye to the lower opercular spine, 2nd runs from the lower edge of the eye across the angle of preopercle to the juncture of interopercle and subopercle, 3rd band extends from the dark mustache streak at the upper edge of the maxilla to the lower edge of preopercle; body depth 2.7-3.0 times in SL; head length 2.3-2.5 in SL; convex interorbital area; angular preopercle, 3-5 distinctly enlarged serrae at the angle and usually slender, antrorse or ventrally directed spine on ventral edge near the angle; serrate subopercle and interopercle; distinctly convex upper edge of operculum; posterior nostril is 2 or 3 times size of anterior nostril; scaly maxilla, reaching to or beyond vertical at rear edge of eye; 2 rows of teeth in midlateral part of lower jaw, inner teeth larger; well developed canines at front of jaws; caudal fin truncate, corners slightly rounded; body scales distinctly ctenoid, with numerous auxiliary scales (Ref. 089707).
Occurs on sandy mud bottoms (Ref. 3589). Feeds on fishes and invertebrates (Ref. 5506). Maximum weight of 78 kilograms reported by Jose Manuel, Spain (05/05).
生活於沙泥底。 (參考文獻 3589) 吃魚與無脊椎動物。 (參考文獻 5506) 被 Jose 曼紐爾，西班牙報告的 78 公斤的最大重量.(05/05)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
東大西洋: 葡萄牙到安哥拉, 包括地中海。
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性
工具
特別的報告
下載 XML
網路資源
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 12.3 - 17.2, mean 14.9 °C (based on 180 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01175 (0.00568 - 0.02430), b=3.04 (2.88 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.8 ±0.55 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 28.2 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (87 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 22.5 [8.2, 54.4] mg/100g; Iron = 0.669 [0.308, 1.587] mg/100g; Protein = 18.2 [16.5, 19.9] %; Omega3 = 0.267 [0.136, 0.540] g/100g; Selenium = 52.6 [20.4, 126.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 19.2 [4.0, 96.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.745 [0.455, 1.220] mg/100g (wet weight);
