分類 / Names
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Teleostei >
Centrarchiformes (Basses)
鱸形目 (Basses) >
Kuhliidae (Aholeholes)
湯鯉科 (Aholeholes)
Etymology: Kuhlia: Because of Heindrich Kuhl, 1797-1821; researcher also with lizards (Gekkonidae).
Eponymy: Dr Heinrich Kuhl (1797–1821) was a German naturalist and zoologist. [...] (Ref. 128868), visit book page.
More on author: Cuvier.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 降海洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 ? - 2 m (Ref. 86942). 熱帶; 32°N - 28°S
Asia and Oceania: Taiwan, Philippines and Indonesia to islands in the Pacific. The name Kuhlia marginata has been misapplied to other species and therefore some literature records may be suspect (Ref. 41640).
亞洲與大洋洲: 台灣，菲律賓與印尼到太平洋的島嶼。 名稱 湯鯉〔Kuhlia marginata〕 已經被誤用於其他的種，而且因此一些文獻記錄可能是嫌疑犯。 (參考文獻 41640)
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 17.9 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 41640)
背棘 (總數) : 10; 背的軟條 (總數) : 10 - 12; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 11 - 12. Preorbital serrae 18-28; a few fine serrae may be present on suborbital; body depth 2.7-3.05 in SL; orbit diameter 2.75-3.3 in head length; maxilla extending to or slightly beyond a vertical at front edge of pupil; caudal concavity 2.5-3.1 in head length. Silvery, usually with blackish spots posteriorly on dorsal part of body that tends to merge to form bands anteriorly (or the dark pigment is concentrated on scale margins); most of snout and tip of chin blackish; caudal fin pale with a black posterior margin that broadens on lobe tips, then a very broad submarginal pale zone, often preceded by a chevron-shaped blackish band or row of blackish spots parallel with posterior margin; base of caudal fin with small blackish spots; a narrow white margin on soft portion of dorsal and anal fins with a broad blackish submarginal zone anteriorly that narrows posteriorly (broader in dorsal fin than anal) (Ref. 41640).
眶前骨鋸齒 18-28; 一些細齒可能是位於眶下骨之上; 體高 2.7-3.05 分之一標準體長; 眼窩直徑 2.75-3.3 分之一頭長; 顎骨延伸至或略超過瞳孔的在前緣的一條垂直線; 尾部的凹窪 2.5-3.1 分之一頭長。 銀色的, 通常有黑色的斑點在傾向合併前面地形成條紋的身體的背部部份後面;(或者深色素集中在鱗片邊緣) 大部分的吻與下巴的頂端黑色的; 尾鰭灰白的具有一個在葉頂端上擴大的黑色的後緣, 然後一個非常寬的靠近邊緣的灰白區, 時常前面有一條鋸齒形的黑色條紋或者黑色斑點的列與後緣平行; 尾鰭基底有小的黑色斑點; 在柔軟部位上的狹窄的白色邊緣前面地背鰭與臀鰭有一個寬的黑色靠近邊緣的區域那後面狹窄的 (較寬的在背鰭超過肛門的) 者.(參考文獻 41640)
Primarily a freshwater species; extent of penetration into brackish and marine environments uncertain (Ref. 41640). Has been found in moderately deep (1.5-3 m), rocky, unshaded, flowing water areas of mid-hill rivers (Ref. 6028).
主要地一個淡水種; 進入半鹹淡水與海洋的環境之內的滲透範圍不確定的.(參考文獻 41640) 曾經發現於中等深度 (1.5-3 公尺), 岩石的﹐無遮蔽的, 丘陵中段之河川的流動水域.(參考文獻 6028)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
亞洲與大洋洲: 台灣，菲律賓與印尼到太平洋的島嶼。 名稱 湯鯉〔Kuhlia marginata〕 已經被誤用於其他的種，而且因此一些文獻記錄可能是嫌疑犯。 (參考文獻 41640)
Randall, J.E. and H.A. Randall, 2001. Review of the fishes of the genus Kuhlia (Perciformes: Kuhliidae) of the Central Pacific. Pac. Sci. 55(3):227-256. (Ref. 41640)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 14 February 2019
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 水族館: 公眾的水族館
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5002 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01230 (0.00687 - 0.02202), b=3.06 (2.90 - 3.22), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (12 of 100).
