Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Écologie
marin démersal; océanodrome (Ref. 51243); profondeur 0 - 800 m (Ref. 27549). Temperate; 60°N - 28°N, 82°W - 43°W
Western Atlantic: New Foundland and Labrador in Canada to northeastern Florida in USA, but uncommon in nearshore waters south of North Carolina, USA.
Length at first maturity / Taille / Poids / Âge
Maturity: Lm 46.5  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 120 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 7251); common length : 90.0 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 3787); poids max. publié: 22.6 kg (Ref. 40637); âge max. reporté: 30 années (Ref. 796)
Inhabits continental shelf, occurring deeper in southern parts of range (Ref 7251); tolerating a wide range of temperature (0-21°C) (Ref. 5951).
That testes seem to develop earlier and stay ripe longer suggest multiple spawning by males. Eggs are laid in long, ribbon-shaped veils (Ref. 4842).
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
Statut dans la liste rouge de l'IUCN (Ref. 130435)
Menace pour l'homme
Harmless
Utilisations par l'homme
Pêcheries: hautement commercial; pêche sportive: oui
Outils
Articles particuliers
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Sources Internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 0.6 - 9.9, mean 5 °C (based on 189 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5078 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01380 (0.01040 - 0.01833), b=2.98 (2.90 - 3.06), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Niveau trophique (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 11.6 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
Résilience (Ref.
120179): Faible, temps minimum de doublement de population : 4,5 à 14 années (K=0.06-0.1; tmax=30; Fec=300,000).
Prior r = 0.08, 95% CL = 0.05 - 0.12, Based on 1 full stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (77 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (41 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 17.5 [9.6, 30.9] mg/100g; Iron = 0.322 [0.195, 0.508] mg/100g; Protein = 20.6 [16.9, 23.2] %; Omega3 = 0.524 [0.201, 1.355] g/100g; Selenium = 16.1 [5.1, 55.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 15.4 [5.1, 48.2] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.253 [0.127, 0.797] mg/100g (wet weight);