Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
marina djupbottenlevande; djupintervall 100 - 400 m (Ref. 5304). Deep-water; 17°S - 35°S, 10°E - 25°E
Southeast Atlantic: northern Namibia to False Bay, South Africa.
Size / Vikt / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 75.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 3200); publicerad maxvikt: 4.0 kg (Ref. 3200)
Short description
Bestämningsnycklar | Morfologi | Morfometri
Taggstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 0; Mjukstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 82 - 100; Taggstrålar i analfenan: 0; Mjukstrålar i analfenan: 65 - 78; Ryggkotor: 55 - 57. Dorsal and anal fins continuous with caudal fin (Ref. 36731). Right pectoral fin more than half of, but shorter than head length; left pectoral fin present (Ref. 36731). Brownish with small dark specks; sometimes with bars on body (Ref. 3200).
Larvae are pelagic (Ref. 27121, Ref. 36731), while adults live close to the sea bed (Ref. 36731). Adults feed on worms, crustaceans, mollusks, and fish (Ref. 27121, Ref. 36731). Utilized as a food fish (Ref. 4931).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Könsmognad | Reproduktion | Lek | Ägg | Fecundity | Larver
Heemstra, P.C. and O. Gon, 1986. Soleidae. p. 868-874. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 3200)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fiskeri: mindre kommeriell
Verktyg
Special reports
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 9.2 - 11.9, mean 10.4 °C (based on 37 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00977 (0.00466 - 0.02049), b=3.07 (2.90 - 3.24), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trofisk nivå (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.45 se; based on food items.
Resiliens (Ref.
120179): Låg, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid 4,5-14 år (K=0.07).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (89 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 22.9 [8.9, 62.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.34 [0.14, 0.79] mg/100g; Protein = 17.3 [15.4, 19.3] %; Omega3 = 0.16 [0.07, 0.32] g/100g; Selenium = 18.9 [7.7, 48.0] μg/100g; VitaminA = 5.86 [1.10, 30.86] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.326 [0.204, 0.498] mg/100g (wet weight);
