分类 / Names
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Teleostei >
Cichliformes (Cichlids, convict blennies)
鱸形目 (Cichlids, convict blennies) >
Cichlidae (Cichlids)
麗魚科 (Cichlids) > Cichlasomatinae
Etymology: Parachromis: Greek, para = the side of + Greek, chromis = a fish, perhaps a perch (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Günther.
Issue
Reviewed in Kullander & Hartel, 1997, with redescription and photo, and lectotype designation of P. gulosus. Heros managuensis described in more detail in Günther 1868:463, pl. 77 (fig. 3). Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 367), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
; 淡水 底中水层性; pH range: 7.0 - 8.7; dH range: 10 - 15; 深度上下限 3 - 10 m (Ref. 80549). 熱帶; 25°C - 36°C (Ref. 36880); 37°N - 9°N
Central America: Atlantic slope from the Ulua River (Honduras) to the Matina River (Costa Rica).
中美洲: 大西洋斜坡從 Ulua 河 (宏都拉斯) 到 Matina 河 (哥斯大黎加).
大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 55.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 40637); 最大体重: 1.6 kg (Ref. 40637)
背棘 (总数) : 17 - 18; 背的软条 (总数) : 10 - 11; 臀棘: 6 - 8; 臀鳍软条: 11 - 12. This species is distinguished by its large mouth, projecting lower jaw, prominent enlarged canine teeth, black spots on fins and body, a more or less continuous black stripe between the eye and opercular margin, another between the eye and the lower angle of the opercle; a row of black blotches along the middle of the side. Distinguished from other members of the genus by having the preopercle expanded at the angle. Body color silvery or golden-green to purple; back moss green, sides with purple iridescence, belly whitish or yellowish; dorsal, anal and caudal fins with numerous black spots, interspaces whitish, yellowish or with blue iridescence; a black blotch on the caudal-fin base. Breeding females with stronger crimson hue to the gill cover.
Inhabits lakes, preferring turbid waters and mud bottoms of the highly eutrophic lakes (Ref. 7335). Found in springs and ponds over detritus and sand bottom (Ref. 5723). Commonly found in very warm, oxygen depleted inundation lakes (Ref. 8978). Highly predaceous, feeding mainly on small fishes and macroinvertebrates (Ref. 7335; 44091). Oviparous, spawns in batches (Ref. Highly esteemed as food fish (Ref. 44091). Maximum length 63 cm TL (Ref. 5723).
栖息于湖, 偏爱浑浊的水域与高度优养湖的泥底。 (参考文献 7335) 发现于在碎屑与砂质底部上的泉水与池塘了。 (参考文献 5723) 普遍地栖息于非常温暖的, 氧气几乎耗尽的泛滥湖泊.(参考文献 8978) 高度食肉, 主要捕食小鱼与大型无脊椎动物 (参考文献 7335; 44091)。 深受喜爱的作为食用鱼。 (参考文献 44091) 最大的长度 63 公分TL.(参考文献 5723)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Deposits up to 5,000 eggs on rocks and other hard substrates; both parents guard the eggs and resulting fry (Ref. 44091). Reported to deposit up to 10,496 eggs (Ref. 80549).中美洲: 大西洋斜坡從 Ulua 河 (宏都拉斯) 到 Matina 河 (哥斯大黎加).
Kullander, S.O., 2003. Cichlidae (Cichlids). p. 605-654. In R.E. Reis, S.O. Kullander and C.J. Ferraris, Jr. (eds.) Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS, Brasil. (Ref. 36377)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 养殖: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的; 水族馆: 商业性
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.02089 (0.01332 - 0.03278), b=3.06 (2.93 - 3.19), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.59 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (Assuming tm=1-2; Fec=10,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (42 of 100).
