分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Carcharhiniformes (Ground sharks)
真鯊目 (Ground sharks) >
Triakidae (Houndsharks)
平滑鮫 (Houndsharks) > Galeorhininae
Etymology: Galeorhinus: galeo, probably based on G. galeus (see below); rhinus, an ancient name for sharks, from rhine (Gr.), rasp, alluding to their rasp-like skin (See ETYFish); galeus: From galeos, a small shark or dogfish per Aristotle (sometimes translated as weasel), possibly referring to the pointed snouts, swift movements and/or rapacious feeding behavior of smaller predatory sharks1 (See ETYFish).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 底中水層性; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 1100 m (Ref. 26346), usually 2 - 471 m (Ref. 43939). 亞熱帶的; 70°N - 58°S, 111°E - 37°E
World-wide in temperate waters (Ref. 58085). Western Atlantic: southern Brazil to Argentina. Eastern Atlantic: Iceland, Norway, Faeroe Islands, British Isles to the Mediterranean and Senegal; Namibia to South Africa (Western Indian Ocean). Western Pacific: Australia and New Zealand. Eastern Pacific: British Columbia (Canada) to southern Baja California, Gulf of California; Peru and Chile. Questionable records in Ivory Coast, Nigerai, Gabon to Congo Dem Rep and Laysan Is. (Hawaii) (Ref 244).
廣泛分佈於溫帶的水域。 (參考文獻 52183) 西大西洋: 巴西南部到阿根廷。 東大西洋: 冰島到南非, 包括地中海。 西印度洋: 南非。 西太平洋: 澳洲與紐西蘭。 東太平洋: 夏威夷; 到在墨西哥的下加利福尼亞南部與加州灣的加拿大卑詩省; 祕魯與智利。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 144.1, range 120 - 185 cm
Max length : 193 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 40637); 195.0 cm TL (female); common length : 160 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 9258); 最大體重: 44.7 kg (Ref. 40637); 最大年齡: 55 年 (Ref. 6871)
背棘 (總數) : 0; 臀棘: 0. A large houndshark with a long, pointed snout, a large mouth, and small blade-like teeth; 2nd dorsal about as large as anal fin and terminal caudal lobe as long as rest of fin (Ref. 5578). Greyish above, white below; young with black markings on fins (Ref. 5578).
一個大的獵犬鯊具有一個長的﹐尖的吻, 一個大的嘴 , 與小的刀劍狀的齒; 第二背鰭大約與臀鰭與末端的尾葉一樣大長達其它的鰭。 (參考文獻 5578) 背面略灰色的, 腹面白色的; 在鰭上幼魚有黑色的斑紋。 (參考文獻 5578)
Mainly demersal on continental and insular shelves, but also on the upper slopes, at depths from near shore to 550 m (Ref. 6871), but has been shown to be pelagic in the open ocean (frequently caught on floating tuna longlines over deep water, and many New Zealand-tagged specimens have been recaptured in Australia) (Ref. 26346). Occurs in small schools that are highly migratory in higher latitudes in their range (Ref. 244). There is pronounced partial segregation by size and sex in some areas (Ref. 244). Feeds on fishes (bottom as well as pelagic species, Ref. 26346), crustaceans, cephalopods, worms, and echinoderms (Ref. 244). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Targeted for human consumption, liver for squalene oil, fins for soup (Ref. 244); also utilized as fishmeal (Ref. 13563). Marketed fresh, dried-salted, and frozen (Ref. 9987). Adapts well in captivity if carefully captured and handled (Ref. 12951).
主要地棲息於大陸棚與島嶼棚, 也捕食上層斜坡, 在深度從近岸到 550 公尺.(參考文獻 6871) 曾經顯示是大洋性的，在中開放性海域 (時常在深水域上的漂浮鮪魚延繩釣上面捕獲, 與許多紐西蘭附以籤條的標本曾經在澳洲拿回了).(參考文獻 26346) 形成小群魚群那是高度遷移的在他們的範圍中的較高的緯度.(參考文獻 244) 有明顯的部分分離依大小與在一些地區的性別.(參考文獻 244) 吃魚 (底部以及大洋性魚種, 參考文獻 26346) ，甲殼動物，頭足類動物，蠕蟲與棘皮動物。 (參考文獻 244) 卵胎生的.(參考文獻 50449) 它的肉是優良的供人類消費，肝臟用於 squalene 油，鰭用於湯;(參考文獻 244) 也利用了製成魚粉。 (參考文獻 13563) 在市場上銷售生鮮地了, 乾燥鹽醃 , 與冷凍.(參考文獻 9987) 如果小心地捕獲而且觸摸，適應得好在繁殖場。 (參考文獻 12951)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Ovoviviparous, without a yolk-sac placenta (Ref. 244). Embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449). 6 to 52 young in a litter (Ref. 26346). Litter size increases with the size of the mother. Embryos reach 30-36 cm TL at birth (Ref. 6080). In the southern waters of Australia, newly born and older juveniles (30-70 cm long) aggregate in 'nursery areas' found in shallow waters.They move to deeper coastal waters to over-winter. The following spring finds most of these young returning to their nursery areas. The older ones, aged 2 years and over move instead to eastern Bass Strait where most of the immature stock are found. The length of an average full-term embryo is 32 cm. Spawning frequency is once every year, ovulation occurring in early summer and parturition is completed by January of the following year. Gestation period lasts for about 12 months (Ref. 6390, 6871).廣泛分佈於溫帶的水域。 (參考文獻 52183) 西大西洋: 巴西南部到阿根廷。 東大西洋: 冰島到南非, 包括地中海。 西印度洋: 南非。 西太平洋: 澳洲與紐西蘭。 東太平洋: 夏威夷; 到在墨西哥的下加利福尼亞南部與加州灣的加拿大卑詩省; 祕魯與智利。
Compagno, L.J.V., 1984. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/2):251-655. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 244)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
極危 (CR) (A2bd); Date assessed: 14 February 2020
人類使用
漁業: 高經濟性; 游釣魚種: 是的; 水族館: 公眾的水族館
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 6.7 - 23.2, mean 12.3 °C (based on 7314 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00479 (0.00362 - 0.00632), b=2.99 (2.91 - 3.07), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.3 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 11.9 (6.9 - 14.7) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 12
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (rm=0.033; tmax=55; Fec=6-52).
Prior r = 0.06, 95% CL = 0.04 - 0.09, Based on 2 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (76 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (62 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 8.56 [1.46, 48.15] mg/100g; Iron = 0.465 [0.128, 1.502] mg/100g; Protein = 20 [18, 22] %; Omega3 = 0.18 [0.11, 0.30] g/100g; Selenium = 44.2 [13.5, 139.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 13.1 [4.2, 44.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.409 [0.194, 0.769] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
