Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
पारिस्थितिकी
समुद्री; खारा प्रवाल-भित्ति संयुक्त; गहराई सीमा 0 - 20 m (Ref. 48637), usually 0 - 15 m (Ref. 90102). Tropical; 19°C - 38°C (Ref. 1827); 30°N - 30°S, 77°E - 20°W
Indo-West Pacific: India, Sri Lanka, Andaman Islands, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines, Belau [=Palau], Guam, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Fiji, Vanuatu, ?New Caledonia, ?Western Australia, ?Pohnpei, Caroline Islands, ?Ebon Island and Marshall Islands.
आकार / वज़न / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 45.0 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 1419); common length : 30.0 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 9813); अधिकतम प्रकाशित वज़न: 2.4 kg (Ref. 125599)
पृष्ठीय रीढ़ (सम्पूर्ण) : 13; पृष्ठीय सौफट रेज़ (सम्पूर्ण) : 10; गुदा कांटा: 7; ऐनल सौफट रेज़: 9; जानवरों की रीड़ का जोड़: 13. Body bluish white; head brown to brownish or golden yellow with irregular blue lines. Preopercular angle 91°-102°; strong overlapping scales cover cheeks; midline of thorax scaled, not pelvic ridges. Anterior nostril with low flange, broadened slightly posteriorly. Spines stout, blunt or pungent, and venomous.
Juveniles live among mangroves then move out to lagoon and coastal reefs as they mature. Forms schools. Feeds on algae growing on seagrasses, mangrove roots and rocks. Adults congregate inshore in groups of several hundreds to spawn in summer. Spawning is by pairs; sticky eggs laid on the bottom. Its very high quality flesh commands premium prices (Ref. 9813). Adults on coastal reefs, subject to strong currents (Ref. 48637). This species can tolerate very low salinities (2 ppt) and temperatures up to 38 C (Ref. 37816).
Throughout summer, adults form inshore breeding groups of several hundred individuals on the 7th or 8th days of the lunar month; pairs break from these groups to spawn. The species has a high fecundity of 350,000/spawning season.
Woodland, D.J., 1990. Revision of the fish family Siganidae with descriptions of two new species and comments on distribution and biology. Indo-Pac. Fish. (19):136 p. (Ref. 1419)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Human uses
मात्स्यिकी: व्यापारिक; जलीयकृषि: संभावित भविष्य में उपयोग; जलजीवालय: व्यापारिक
साधन
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इंटरनेट स्रोत
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 26.2 - 29.3, mean 28.6 °C (based on 2941 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01230 (0.00669 - 0.02263), b=3.13 (2.97 - 3.29), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 2.0 ±0.00 se; based on food items.
लौटाव (Ref.
120179): माध्यम, न्यूनतम जनसंख्या दुगनी होने का समय 1.4 - 4.4 वर्ष। (K=0.3).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (20 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 44.8 [22.4, 129.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.979 [0.445, 2.429] mg/100g; Protein = 19 [17, 21] %; Omega3 = 0.0994 [, ] g/100g; Selenium = 35.2 [11.4, 95.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 10.3 [2.0, 55.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.82 [0.68, 4.15] mg/100g (wet weight);
