Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria)
鱸形目 (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
石首魚科 (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Umbrina: Latin, umbra, -ae = shadow, in the sense of phantom; due to its quick movements (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Valenciennes.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 居于水底的; 深度上下限 20 - 200 m (Ref. 2683). 亞熱帶的; 43°N - 36°S, 19°W - 56°E (Ref. 56870)
Eastern Atlantic and Western Indian Ocean: western Mediterranean and Gibraltar (Ref. 3593) to the Cape and along the east coast of Africa to the Persian Gulf. Not yet recorded from Namibia but may eventually be found there (Ref. 27121).
東大西洋與西印度洋: 地中海西部與直布羅陀 (參考文獻 3593) 到岬而且沿著非洲東岸到波斯灣。 已經不再從那米比亞記錄最後但是可能在那裡被發現於.(參考文獻 27121)
大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 100.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 11228); common length : 50.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3490)
背棘 (总数) : 11; 背的软条 (总数) : 23 - 26; 臀棘: 2; 臀鳍软条: 7. Juveniles brown with narrow oblique wavy stripes, becoming obscure with age (Ref. 4373).
稚鱼褐色的有狭窄的斜波浪状的斑纹, 变成暗随着年龄。 (参考文献 4373)
Coastal species (Ref. 27000). Inhabits rocky and sandy bottoms (Ref. 2683). Juveniles may occur in littoral areas. Feeds on shrimps, worms and other bottom-dwelling invertebrates (Ref. 4780). Sold fresh (Ref. 3490).
沿岸鱼种.(参考文献 27000) 栖息于岩质与砂质底部。 (参考文献 2683) 稚鱼可能出现在海滨的区域, 但是不在河口。 吃虾，蠕虫与其他的底栖无脊椎动物。 (参考文献 4780) 生鲜贩卖了。 (参考文献 3490)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
東大西洋與西印度洋: 地中海西部與直布羅陀 (參考文獻 3593) 到岬而且沿著非洲東岸到波斯灣。 已經不再從那米比亞記錄最後但是可能在那裡被發現於.(參考文獻 27121)
Chao, L.N. and E. Trewavas, 1990. Sciaenidae. p. 813-826. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3593)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13.7 - 25.8, mean 17.3 °C (based on 233 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00912 (0.00560 - 0.01485), b=3.08 (2.94 - 3.22), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.42 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 2.8 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.3).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (36 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 54 [30, 110] mg/100g; Iron = 0.976 [0.488, 1.737] mg/100g; Protein = 19.7 [18.6, 20.8] %; Omega3 = 0.322 [0.192, 0.523] g/100g; Selenium = 41.6 [22.4, 81.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 5.95 [1.99, 20.02] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.574 [0.405, 0.843] mg/100g (wet weight);
