Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologia
marinhas demersal; intervalo de profundidade ? - 146 m (Ref. 58018). Subtropical; 38°N - 9°N
Western Atlantic: Virginia, USA and Bahamas to Venezuela.
Tamanho / Peso / Idade
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 33.4 cm TL macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 55642)
Espinhos dorsais (total) : 12; Raios dorsais (total) : 9; Espinhos anais: 3; Raios anais : 5. Snout short and almost equal to orbit diameter; third dorsal spine not elongated (Ref. 13608).
Have a thick glandular tissue on posterior margin of fin spines which is believed to be venomous (Ref. 57406).
Ciclo de vida ou comportamento de acasalamento
Maturidade | Reprodução | Desova | Ovos | Fecundidade | Larvas
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
Status na Lista Vermelha da UICN (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Uso pelos humanos
Ferramentas
Relatórios especiais
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Fontes da internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 22.3 - 28, mean 25.9 °C (based on 330 cells).
Índice de diversidade filogenética (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01096 (0.00644 - 0.01868), b=3.07 (2.92 - 3.22), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Nível Trófico (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resiliência (Ref.
120179): médio(a), tempo mínimo de duplicação da população 1,4 - 4,4 anos (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (23 of 100).