Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologia
marinhas; oceanódromo (Ref. 51243); intervalo de profundidade 0 - 18 m (Ref. 2850). Temperate; 58°N - 24°N, 155°W - 111°W
Eastern Pacific: Alaska to Magdalena Bay, Baja California. Not common north of Point Conception (Ref. 11484).
Tamanho / Peso / Idade
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 145 cm FL macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 40637); peso máx. publicado: 12.0 kg (Ref. 40637); idade máx. registrada: 12 anos (Ref. 56049)
Descrição suscinta
Chaves de identificação | Morfologia | Morfometria
Espinhos dorsais (total) : 6; Raios dorsais (total) : 9 - 10; Espinhos anais: 1; Raios anais : 8 - 9. Color bluish or brownish dorsally, silvery ventrally (Ref. 6885).
Usually near shore or near the surface (Ref. 2850). Often in small schools (Ref. 2850). Young enter bays (Ref. 2850). Feed mainly on other fishes (Ref. 2850). Pelagic spawners (Ref. 56049). Migrate south from the California coast during autumn, but may remain in front of the Mexican coast throughout the year (Ref. 9345). Utilized fresh, dried or salted and frozen; eaten broiled and baked (Ref. 9988). Considered as potentially dangerous due to its large, sharp teeth and aggressive disposition, though there are no reports of attacks (Ref. 9988).
Pelagic spawner (Ref. 56049).
Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald and H. Hammann, 1983. A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America. Boston (MA, USA): Houghton Mifflin Company. xii+336 p. (Ref. 2850)
Status na Lista Vermelha da UICN (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
Ameaça para os humanos
Traumatogenic (Ref. 13513)
Uso pelos humanos
Pescarias: espécies comerciais; peixe esportivo: sim
Ferramentas
Relatórios especiais
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Fontes da internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 8.9 - 23.1, mean 12.4 °C (based on 212 cells).
Índice de diversidade filogenética (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00708 (0.00329 - 0.01525), b=2.92 (2.75 - 3.09), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Nível Trófico (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.80 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 7.9 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Resiliência (Ref.
120179): médio(a), tempo mínimo de duplicação da população 1,4 - 4,4 anos (K=0.14; tm=2-3; tmax=12; Fec=42,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (69 of 100).