分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Perciformes/Percoidei (Perchs)
鱸形目 (Perchs) >
Percidae (Perches)
鱸科 (Perches) > Etheostomatinae
Etymology: Etheostoma: Greek, etheo = to strain + Greek, stoma = mouth; Rafinesque said "various mouths", but Jordan and Evermann suggest the name might have been intended as "Heterostoma (Ref. 45335).
Eponymy: Julia Ringold Hughes (1849–1916) was the wife of ichthyologist Dr Charles Henry Gilbert (1859–1928). (Also see Gilbert, CH). (Ref. 128868), visit book page.
More on author: Meek.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水 底中水層性. 亞熱帶的; 38°N - 33°N
North America: found only in White River drainage (excluding Black River system) in southern Missouri and northern Arkansas, USA.
北美洲: 發現在美國密蘇里州南部與阿肯色州北部中只在白河流域 (排除黑河系統) 中。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 3.2 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 7.8 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5723); common length : 4.8 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 12193); 最大年齡: 3.00 年 (Ref. 7043)
簡短描述
檢索表 | 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖
背棘 (總數) : 11 - 12; 背的軟條 (總數) : 11 - 12; 臀棘: 2; 臀鰭軟條: 7 - 8; 脊椎骨: 35 - 36.
Occur in clear, fast, rocky riffles of creeks and small to medium rivers (Ref. 5723). Spawn in batches (Ref. 36980). Distinct pairing during breeding (Ref. 36980).
出現於小溪及小型到中型河川的清澈的﹐快速的﹐和岩石急流。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Breeding pairs were observed on gravel patches behind rocks in 30-60 cm of water. The following account of mating behaviour comes from (Ref. 36980): 'In a typical behavior pattern, 5-10 males were observed following a gravid female..Once the female had selected a suitable spawning site, she would dig head first into the gravel with violent thrashing movements. After two or three attempts, females usually became half buried in the gravel with only head and pectoral fins exposed. During this activity attending males began making rapid darting movements around the female. The attending males moved closer to the buried female until one male, usually the largest, positioned himself beside or over her. Occasionally an even larger male would enter an area and replace the attendant male. After a male had remained with a buried female for a few minutes, he began to aggressively defend a territory. Other males that came within about 20 cm of the female were quickly chased away. In the absence of other males, the attendant male began courtship behavior by darting rapidly around the female, nudging her with his snout and perching along side or on top of her. Courtship lasted up to 30 min. Then the female began a series of rapid quivering movements followed by, or concurrent with, trembling movements by the male. It was assumed that the rapid vibrating movements of the female and male, lasting about 5 sec., indicated deposition of eggs and release of sperm. A female remained buried in the same spot during a series of 3-5 quiverings over a period of nearly 5 min. About 10 min after spawning, both fish moved away from the nest and egg guarding was not observed by either sex.' Eggs are buried under small gravel and pebbles (Ref. 36980).北美洲: 發現在美國密蘇里州南部與阿肯色州北部中只在白河流域 (排除黑河系統) 中。
Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 1991. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 432 p. (Ref. 5723)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 16 December 2011
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00912 (0.00555 - 0.01498), b=3.17 (3.03 - 3.31), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 高度, 族群倍增時間少於 15個月 (K=0.40-0.99; tm=1; tmax=3; Fec=800).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (14 of 100).
