Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologie
marien rifbewoner; diepte 3 - 213 m (Ref. 5222), usually 3 - 35 m (Ref. 40849). Subtropical; 37°N - 30°S, 98°W - 30°W (Ref. 89707)
Western Atlantic: North Carolina, USA to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean.
Grootte / Gewicht / Leeftijd
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 91.0 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 7251); common length : 50.0 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 5217); max. gepubliceerd gewicht: 10.0 kg (Ref. 5222)
Dorsale stekels (totaal) : 11; Dorsale zachte stralen (totaal) : 18 - 20; Anale stekels: 3; Anale zachte stralen: 8 - 10. Distinguished by the following characteristics: body and fins black with many large white blotches (Ref. 13608). Compressed, with a large pectoral fin; scales smooth (Ref. 26938); greatest depth of body 2.2-2.5 in SL; body width 2.2-2.9 times in depth; head length 2.5-2.8 times in SL; rounded preopercle, finely serrate, serrae at the angle slightly enlarged (Ref. 089707).
Usually on deep ledges, at depths to 210 m and on reefs, usually in caves or deep crevices (Ref. 7251). Solitary (Ref. 26340) and secretive, darts away when approached or frightened (Ref. 9710). Rarely seen in markets. Major threat to this species is fishing pressure (Ref. 089707).
Levenscyclus en paargedrag
Maturiteit | Voortplanting | Paaien | Eieren | Fecunditeit | Larven
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
Status op de Rode Lijst van het IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Gevaar voor de mens
Harmless
Gebruik door de mens
Visserij: van minder commercieel belang; sportvis: ja
Tools
Speciale rapporten
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Internetbronnen
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 23.6 - 28, mean 26.7 °C (based on 502 cells).
Fylogenetische diversiteitsindex (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00871 (0.00484 - 0.01566), b=3.14 (2.98 - 3.30), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trofisch niveau (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.80 se; based on food items.
Weerstandsvermogen (Ref.
120179): laag, minimale populatieverdubbelingstijd 4,5-14 jaar (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (56 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 12.2 [6.0, 27.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.421 [0.213, 0.872] mg/100g; Protein = 18.9 [16.9, 20.7] %; Omega3 = 0.179 [0.098, 0.340] g/100g; Selenium = 24.1 [10.0, 51.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 48 [11, 248] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.418 [0.261, 0.666] mg/100g (wet weight);
