Elasmobranchi (squali e razze) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) >
Myliobatidae (Eagle and manta rays)
Etymology: Myliobatis: Greek, mylo = mill + Greek, + Greek, batis,-idos = a ray (Raja sp.) (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Gill.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologia
marino demersale; distribuzione batimetrica 0 - 108 m (Ref. 96339). Subtropical; 43°N - 5°S, 126°W - 85°W (Ref. 55258)
Eastern Pacific: Oregon, USA to Gulf of California (Ref. 2850) and the Galapagos Islands (Ref. 28023).
Size / Peso / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 180 cm WD maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 2850); common length : 100.0 cm WD maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 9257); peso massimo pubblicato: 82.1 kg (Ref. 40637)
Commonly found in sandy and muddy bays and sloughs, also on rocky bottom and in kelp beds (Ref. 2850). Sometimes buries itself in sand (Ref. 2850). Found singly or in schools (Ref. 12951). Feeds on bivalves, snails, polychaetes, shrimps, and crabs (Ref. 9257). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Venomous spine on tail. Not fished commercially, but shows up as by-catch species (Ref. 9257).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturità | Riproduzione | Deposizione | Uova | Fecundity | Larve
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449).
McEachran, J.D. and G. Notarbartolo di Sciara, 1995. Myliobatidae. Aguilas marinas. p. 765-768. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9257)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Human uses
Pesca: commerciale; Pesce da pesca sportiva: si; Acquario: Acquari pubblici
Strumenti
Special reports
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Fonti Internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 12.4 - 23, mean 20.6 °C (based on 34 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5002 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00389 (0.00119 - 0.01269), b=3.08 (2.83 - 3.33), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.2 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Resilienza (Ref.
120179): Basso, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione 4.5 - 14 anni (tm=3; tmax=23; k=0.09-0.22).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (75 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 8.59 [1.10, 170.56] mg/100g; Iron = 0.647 [0.059, 7.948] mg/100g; Protein = 20.5 [15.2, 25.6] %; Omega3 = 0.159 [0.050, 0.437] g/100g; Selenium = 28.9 [5.9, 146.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 3.22 [0.27, 34.64] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.476 [0.031, 5.520] mg/100g (wet weight);
