Issue
See Géry, Planquette & Le Bail (1991: 22, Pl. 6, Fig. 1) and Santos; Jegú & Merona (1984: 30) for descriptions and figures; synonymy above is based on personal observation and examination of types. Lectotypes of H. microcephalus and H. kappleri by present designation.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
; air tawar bentopelagis; pH range: 5.5 - 7.5; dH range: ? - 20. Tropical; 23°C - 26°C (Ref. 2060)
South America: Amazon, Tocantins, Capim, Suriname, Camopi, and Oyapock River basins.
Size / Weight / umur
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 32.9 cm SL jantan/; (Ref. 125983); 29.4 cm SL (female); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 529.50 g (Ref. 125983); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 529.50 g
Occurs in fast-flowing rivers over rocky substrate. Abundant in the lower part of rivers. Feeds on detritus and periphyton. Mature at about 11 cm; breeds during the rainy season (Ref. 12225). Iteroparous synchronous spawner (Ref. 51777).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Kematangan | Reproduksi, perkembang biakan | Pemijahan | telur-telur | Fecundity | Larva
Distinct pairing (Ref. 205).
Géry, J., 1977. Characoids of the world. Neptune City ; Reigate : T.F.H. [etc.]; 672 p. : ill. (chiefly col.) ; 23 cm. (Ref. 598)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
ancaman kepada manusia
Harmless
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: nilai komersial kecil; Akuarium: Komersial
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01175 (0.00941 - 0.01468), b=3.10 (3.04 - 3.16), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 2.0 ±0.00 se; based on food items.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (30 of 100).