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Acanthuriformes (Surgeonfishes) >
Ephippidae (Spadefishes, batfishes and scats)
Etymology: Proteracanthus: Greek, proteros = former + Greek, akantha = thorn (Ref. 45335).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologie
marien; brak water rifbewoner. Tropical
Western Central Pacific: Malaya, Sumatra and Borneo.
Grootte / Gewicht / Leeftijd
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 32.5 cm SL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 7050)
Dorsale stekels (totaal) : 10; Dorsale zachte stralen (totaal) : 14 - 16; Anale stekels: 3; Anale zachte stralen: 13 - 15. Greenish brown dorsally, paler on flanks, silvery below, the scales dark edged, forming dark longitudinal lines. Body oblong and compressed, its depth 1.9 to 2.1 times in SL. Head length 3.4 to 3.7 times in SL. Dorsal head profile evenly curved from snout to dorsal-fin origin. Mouth subterminal, the upper jaw not protrusible, projecting somewhat in front of lower jaw. Jaws with bands of slender, flattened, tricuspid teeth, the middle cusp slightly longer than lateral cusps. No teeth on vomer or palatines. Five pores on each side of lower jaw. Preopercle smooth except for a few weak, skin-covered serrae at the angle. Opercle ending in 2 blunt points. Branchiostegal membranes broadly joined to isthmus. First gill opening constricted. Hypobranchial connected to quadrate by skin (Ref 43039).
Levenscyclus en paargedrag
Maturiteit | Voortplanting | Paaien | Eieren | Fecunditeit | Larven
Kottelat, M., A.J. Whitten, S.N. Kartikasari and S. Wirjoatmodjo, 1993. Freshwater fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi. Periplus Editions, Hong Kong. 221 p. (Ref. 7050)
Status op de Rode Lijst van het IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Gevaar voor de mens
Harmless
Gebruik door de mens
Tools
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 28 - 29.3, mean 28.8 °C (based on 1333 cells).
Fylogenetische diversiteitsindex (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01122 (0.00514 - 0.02450), b=3.04 (2.87 - 3.21), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trofisch niveau (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Weerstandsvermogen (Ref.
120179): Gemiddeld, minimale populatieverdubbelingstijd 1,4-4,4 jaar (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (30 of 100).
