分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 居於水底的; 深度上下限 15 - 400 m (Ref. 26999). 亞熱帶的; 45°N - 15°S, 26°W - 36°E
Eastern Atlantic: Mediterranean and the Adriatic Sea (Ref. 12382); Mauritania to Angola, including Madeira, Cape Verde and the Canary Islands (Ref. 5979).
東大西洋: 地中海與亞得里亞海海洋;(參考文獻 12382) 茅利塔尼亞到安哥拉，包括馬得拉群島, 維德角與加納利群島.(參考文獻 5979)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 20.4 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 45.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 27584); common length : 13.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3397); 最大體重: 700.00 g (Ref. 27584); 最大年齡: 6 年 (Ref. 127561)
背的軟條 (總數) : 85 - 95; 臀鰭軟條: 63 - 73. The scales on the eyed side are ctenoid and cycloid on the blind side. The inter-orbital width is much wider in males. The upper pectoral fin rays are not prolonged. The subspecies in the Mediterranean and African coast, P. podas has 75-86 lateral line scales, with 13-20 scales making up the curved portion. Its eyed side has alight brown color, bearing darker spots. The subspecies in Madeira and the Canaries, B. p. maderensis, has 88-91 lateral line scales, with 20-21 on the lateral line curve. Its eyed side appears dark brown to dark violet and seldom spotted.
在有眼睛的一邊上的鱗片在沒有眼睛的一邊上是有櫛鱗而圓形的。 在眼窩之間的寬度在雄性中非常寬。 上面的胸鰭鰭條不是延長。 在地中海與非洲海岸中的亞種, P. podas 有 75-86個側線鱗片,藉由正在組成彎曲的部分的 13-20個鱗片。 它的有眼睛的一邊有落褐色, 生長著較黑的斑點。 在馬得拉群島與加那利群島， B. p 的亞種。 maderensis,有 88-91個側線鱗片, 具有 20-21 在側線彎曲上。 它的有眼睛的一邊顯得深褐色的到深紫羅蘭色與很少有斑點的。
Found in shallow waters, over sandy and muddy bottoms of the continental plateau (Ref. 5377, 12382). Feeds on benthic small fishes and invertebrates. Reproduction occurs between May and August. Small individuals adapt well in aquariums but require sufficient bottom areas (Ref. 12382).
發現於淺水域了, 在大陸高地的沙泥底之上。 (參考文獻 5377,12382) 吃底棲的小魚與無脊椎動物。 在五月與八月之間繁殖。 小的個體適應得好在水族館但是需要充份的底部區域.(參考文獻 12382)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
東大西洋: 地中海與亞得里亞海海洋;(參考文獻 12382) 茅利塔尼亞到安哥拉，包括馬得拉群島, 維德角與加納利群島.(參考文獻 5979)
Aldebert, Y., M. Desoutter and J.-C. Quéro, 1990. Bothidae. p. 1027-1036. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 5979)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 13 May 2013
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 水族館: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13 - 17.6, mean 15.1 °C (based on 199 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00891 (0.00698 - 0.01137), b=3.04 (2.98 - 3.10), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.43).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (35 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 68.8 [28.8, 130.4] mg/100g; Iron = 0.851 [0.417, 1.517] mg/100g; Protein = 17.9 [16.6, 19.3] %; Omega3 = 0.212 [0.112, 0.389] g/100g; Selenium = 37.7 [18.6, 80.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.51 [2.40, 36.37] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.65 [0.44, 0.94] mg/100g (wet weight);
