分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 淡水; 半咸淡水 居于水底的; 溯河洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 10 - 100 m. 10°C - 20°C (Ref. 2059); 61°N - 36°N, 13°E - 54°E
Eurasia: Caspian, Black, Azov and Aegean Seas, ascending rivers to spawn. Occurrence in Albania needs confirmation. Introduced in Aral Sea. Artificially propagated (Ref. 6866). Probably extirpated from Aegean Sea and related river basins (Ref. 113969).
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ?, range 120 - ? cm
Max length : 250 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 98365); common length : 125 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3397); 最大体重: 80.0 kg (Ref. 9988); 最大年龄: 29 年 (Ref. 126409)
简单描述
检索表 | 型态特徵 | 形态测量图
背棘 (总数) : 0; 背的软条 (总数) : 40 - 46; 臀鳍软条: 24 - 29. Snout long, pointed at tip. Lower lip not continuous, interrupted at center. Barbels short not reaching mouth but nearer to it than to tip of snout. Five rows of scutes, dorsal 11-14, lateral 30-36 on each side, ventral 10-11 on each side, with small bony stellate plates and smaller grains between main scute rows. Back dark grey to almost black, flanks lighter, belly white.
At the sea, it occurs in coastal and estuarine zones and forages on the bottom mostly on clayey sand and intensively in the middle and upper water layers (Ref. 59043). Found mainly near shore over sand and mud, stays at the bottom during the day and rises to the surface to feed at night. Feeds mainly on fish, also mollusks, crustaceans and worms (Ref. 3193). Spawns in strong-current habitats in main course of large and deep rivers, on stone or gravel bottom. Spawning also takes place on flooded river banks and if gravel bottom is not available, on sand or sandy clay. Juveniles stay in shallow riverine habitats during first summer (Ref. 59043). One of the three most important species for caviar; also utilized fresh and frozen; eaten pan-fried, broiled and baked (Ref. 9988). Overfishing at the sea for meat and caviar will soon cause extinction of the natural populations and their survival can only depend on stocking (Ref. 59043).
Bauchot, M.-L., 1987. Poissons osseux. p. 891-1421. In W. Fischer, M.L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) Fiches FAO d'identification pour les besoins de la pêche. (rev. 1). Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Vol. II. Commission des Communautés Européennes and FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3397)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435)
极度濒危 (CR) (A2bcde); Date assessed: 14 September 2019
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 养殖: 商业性; 水族馆: 公众的水族馆
工具
特别资料
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网络资源
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 7.6 - 15.9, mean 13.1 °C (based on 66 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00562 (0.00341 - 0.00928), b=3.03 (2.89 - 3.17), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.06; tm=9; tmax=27; Fec=20,000-360,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (85 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 16.8 [10.4, 28.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.271 [0.168, 0.429] mg/100g; Protein = 17.8 [15.3, 20.4] %; Omega3 = 0.385 [0.222, 0.665] g/100g; Selenium = 23.5 [13.0, 45.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 4.05 [1.55, 10.74] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.409 [0.299, 0.552] mg/100g (wet weight);