分類 / Names
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Teleostei >
Clupeiformes (Herrings) >
Alosidae (Shads and Sardines)
Etymology: Sardina: Latin and Greek, sarda = sardine; name related to the island of Sardinia (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Walbaum.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 10 - 100 m (Ref. 5286), usually 25 - 100 m (Ref. 54866). 亞熱帶的; 68°N - 14°N, 32°W - 43°E (Ref. 54866)
Northeast Atlantic: Iceland (rare) and North Sea, southward to Bay de Gorée, Senegal. Mediterranean (common in the western part and in Adriatic Sea, rare in the eastern part), Sea of Marmara and Black Sea.
東北大西洋: 冰島 (稀有的) 與北海,向南至海灣 de Goree ，塞內加爾。 地中海 (常見於部份西部與在亞得里亞海, 稀有的在東部中) ，馬爾馬拉海與黑海。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 14.8 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 27.5 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 74552); common length : 20.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 188); 最大年齡: 15 年 (Ref. 35388)
背棘 (總數) : 0; 背的軟條 (總數) : 13 - 21; 臀棘: 0; 臀鰭軟條: 12 - 23. Body sub-cylindrical, belly rather rounded (but more compressed in juveniles). Hind margin of gill opening smoothly rounded (without fleshy outgrowths) ; 3 to 5 distinct body striae radiating downward on lower part of operculum; lower gill rakers not becoming shorter at angle of first gill arch, the upper series not overlapping the lower. Last 2 anal fin rays enlarged.
身體接近圓柱形的, 腹面相當圓的.(但是更扁長形的在稚魚中) 鰓裂的後緣平滑地圓的 ;(沒有肉質的自然發展) 3 到 5 明顯的身體陷紋放射向下的在鰓蓋的較下面的部位上; 下鰓耙不第一個鰓弓變得比較短的在突出部位上, 不部分重疊的上面的系列下面的。 最後 2個臀鰭棘條增大了。
Littoral species (Ref. 6808). Form schools, usually at depths of 25 to 55 or even 100 m by day, rising to 10 to 35 m at night. Feed mainly on planktonic crustaceans, also on larger organisms. Spawn in batches (Ref. 51846), in the open sea or near the coast, producing 50,000-60,000 eggs with a mean diameter of 1.5 mm (Ref. 35388). Marketed fresh, frozen or canned. Also utilized dried or salted and smoked; can be pan-fried, broiled and microwaved (Ref. 9988).
沿海地區種.(參考文獻 6808) 形成魚群, 通常深度 25 到 55 或甚至 100 公尺白天, 對 10 到 35 公尺升起在晚上。 主要捕食浮游性甲殼動物, 也在較大的生物上。 產卵於一批 (參考文獻 51846) 中,在開放海域中或者在海岸的附近, 產生 50,000-60,000 卵有 1.5 mm 的平均直徑。 (參考文獻 35388) 在市場上銷售生鮮地.,凍結或裝於罐頭。 也利用乾燥或鹽醃而且煙燻; 可能是油鍋炸的, 火烤而且微波。 (參考文獻 9988)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Breeds at 20 to 25 m, near the shore or as much as 100 km out to sea. 東北大西洋: 冰島 (稀有的) 與北海,向南至海灣 de Goree ，塞內加爾。 地中海 (常見於部份西部與在亞得里亞海, 稀有的在東部中) ，馬爾馬拉海與黑海。
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 20 May 2013
人類使用
漁業: 高經濟性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 7.1 - 17.3, mean 10.3 °C (based on 553 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00631 (0.00554 - 0.00719), b=3.08 (3.04 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.1 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 3.0 (2.7 - 3.2) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 58
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.23-0.5; tm=1-2; tmax=15).
Prior r = 0.63, 95% CL = 0.41 - 0.94, Based on 26 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (30 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Low vulnerability (22 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 162 [75, 357] mg/100g; Iron = 2.61 [1.10, 5.76] mg/100g; Protein = 19.8 [18.6, 21.0] %; Omega3 = 1.07 [0.55, 2.10] g/100g; Selenium = 35.9 [18.2, 74.0] μg/100g; VitaminA = 14.5 [4.5, 48.3] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.42 [1.02, 2.25] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
