(كوسه ها و سپرماهيان) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) >
Rhinopteridae (Cownose rays)
Etymology: Rhinoptera: Greek, rhinos = nose + Greek,pteron = fin, wing (Ref. 45335).
Eponymy: Franz Steindachner (1834–1919) was an Austrian zoologist who specialised in herpetology and ichthyology. [...] (Ref. 128868), visit book page.
More on authors: Evermann & Jenkins.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
بوم شناسي
دريايي وابسته به آب سنگ; اقیانوس رو (Ref. 51243); تغييرات عمق 0 - 65 m (Ref. 117244), usually 0 - 25 m. Tropical; 32°N - 5°S, 117°W - 76°W
Eastern Pacific: Gulf of California to Costa Rica and the Galapagos Islands. Probably occurring elsewhere.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / سن
Maturity: Lm 71.0, range 65 - ? cm
Max length : 91.6 cm WD جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 116975)
Adults are found over soft bottoms, near rocky or coral reefs; also near reef drop-offs (Ref. 12951). They occasionally swim near the surface and may jump out of the water. Often in schools, sometimes associated with Aetobatus narinari, the spotted eagle ray (Ref. 12951). Adults feed on benthic crustaceans and mollusks. Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449).
Life cycle and mating behavior
بلوغ | تولید مثل | تخم ریزی | تخم ها | Fecundity | توزاد ( لارو)
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449).
McEachran, J.D. and G. Notarbartolo di Sciara, 1995. Rhinopteridae. Gavilanes. p. 782-783. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9263)
وضعيت در فهرست قرمز IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
خطر برای انسان ها
Harmless
استفاده انسانی
ماهي گيري – شيلات: از بی علاقه گی; آكواريوم: آکواریوم عمومی
ابزارها
گزارش های ويژه
بارگيری XML
منابع اينترنتي
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 19.7 - 29.1, mean 24.2 °C (based on 266 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01148 (0.00463 - 0.02844), b=2.98 (2.76 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.50 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 4.4 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
جهندگی (Ref.
120179): خیلی آهسته, كمينه زمان لازم براي دو برابر شدن جمعيت بيش از 14 سال (k = 0.25; tmax = 10.75; tm = 3.92; Fec = 1).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 7.27 [0.83, 109.36] mg/100g; Iron = 0.396 [0.033, 4.161] mg/100g; Protein = 20.6 [15.3, 25.9] %; Omega3 = 0.0736 [, ] g/100g; Selenium = 29 [6, 147] μg/100g; VitaminA = 30.9 [2.6, 334.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.769 [0.049, 8.696] mg/100g (wet weight);
