分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 礁區魚類; 深度上下限 2 - 137 m (Ref. 5222), usually 5 - 35 m (Ref. 40849). 亞熱帶的; 35°N - 28°S, 92°W - 33°W (Ref. 5222)
Western Atlantic: Bermuda, Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean south to Sao Paulo, Brazil.
西大西洋: 百慕達群島，墨西哥灣與加勒比海南至聖保羅巴西。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 53.6, range 50 - 63 cm
Max length : 100.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 26340); common length : 50.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5217); 最大體重: 18.5 kg (Ref. 40637)
背棘 (總數) : 11; 背的軟條 (總數) : 15 - 16; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 10 - 12. Distinguished by the following characteristics: Head and body have oval groups of dark spots; outer third of pectoral fin bright yellow (Ref. 26938); two color morphs: a deep-water reddish form and shallow-water greenish form; depth of body contained 2.9-3.2 times in SL; head length 2.6-2.9 times in SL; convex interorbital area; evenly rounded preopercle or with slight notch, without projecting bony lobe at the angle; nostrils subequal or posterior nostrils with diameter twice the size of anterior nostrils (Ref. 89707).
頭部與身體有橢圓形群體的深色斑點; 胸鰭的外面第三個鮮黃色的.(參考文獻 26938)
Adults found on rocky and coral reefs, juveniles occur in shallow turtle grass beds. Also been taken in trawls over mud bottom in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Feeds mainly on fishes (mostly on coral reef species) and squids. Although often implicated in ciguatera poisonings, it is a desirable food fish; and even large (5 to 10 kg) fish from areas considered safe are sold in markets. Also caught with surface trolling. Sex-reversal has been observed (Ref. 5521).
成魚發現於岩石與珊瑚礁.,稚魚出現在水淺的泰來海藻床。 也在墨西哥灣北部被採自在泥底上的拖網。 主要吃魚 (大部份在珊瑚礁種上) 與烏賊。 雖然時常關係到熱帶海魚中毒, 它是一個令人滿意的食用魚; 甚至認為保險箱的來自區域的大的 (5 到 10 公斤) 魚被賣在市場中。 也用表面的拖釣捕獲。 性別-反轉已經被觀察.(參考文獻 5521)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
西大西洋: 百慕達群島，墨西哥灣與加勒比海南至聖保羅巴西。
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
近危 (NT) (A4bd); Date assessed: 12 March 2018
人類使用
漁業: 高經濟性; 游釣魚種: 是的; 水族館: 公眾的水族館
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.3 - 28, mean 27 °C (based on 310 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01122 (0.00715 - 0.01760), b=3.04 (2.91 - 3.17), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.09-0.17; tmax=15; Fec=400,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (62 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (86 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 12.5 [7.1, 26.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.452 [0.227, 0.786] mg/100g; Protein = 19.4 [17.5, 21.0] %; Omega3 = 0.219 [0.129, 0.378] g/100g; Selenium = 21.5 [10.5, 42.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 70.2 [22.5, 249.8] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.489 [0.322, 0.741] mg/100g (wet weight);
