分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria)
鱸形目 (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
石首魚科 (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Cynoscion: Greek, kyon = dog + Greek, odous = teeth + Greek, skion, skiaina = barbel, red mullet (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Lacepède.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 1 - 20 m (Ref. 3702). 亞熱帶的; 13°N - 40°S, 80°W - 34°W
Western Atlantic: Panama to Argentina; Southwest Atlantic: Sergipe, Brazil (Ref. 118626).
西大西洋: 巴拿馬到阿根廷。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 42.7 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 110 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 40637); common length : 45.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3702); 最大體重: 17.0 kg (Ref. 40637)
背棘 (總數) : 11; 背的軟條 (總數) : 17 - 22; 臀棘: 2; 臀鰭軟條: 7 - 9. Body nearly uniform silvery, dark greenish above. Without conspicuous spots on side but with diffuse dark areas along base of dorsal fin and on margin of spinous dorsal fin, ventral side of head, lower margin of pectoral, pelvic, and caudal fins often yellowish orange. Inside of opercle dusky. Mouth large, oblique. Lower jaw slightly projecting. Upper jaw with a pair of large canine-like teeth at tip. Lower jaw with a row of enlarged inner-row teeth, gradually increasing in size posteriorly. Chin without barbels or pores. Snout with 2 marginal pores. Pectoral fins about equal in length to pelvic fins. Gas bladder with a pair of long, straight, horn-like appendages. Sagitta earstone thin and elongate. Soft portion of dorsal fin unscaled except 2 or 3 rows of small scales along its base (Ref 51271).
身體幾乎均勻銀色的, 黑的呈綠色的上方。 沒有顯著的斑點在側邊上但是有擴散的黑區域沿著背鰭基底與在刺狀背鰭，腹面頭側的邊緣上, 胸鰭，腹鰭與尾鰭的下緣時常淡黃色的橘色。 在鰓蓋之內暗色的。 嘴大的, 斜的。 下頜些微突出。 在頂端上頜有一對大的像犬齒一樣的齒。 下頜有一列增大的內部-列齒,逐漸地在後部地在大小方面增加。 沒有觸鬚或孔的下巴。 吻部有 2個邊緣的孔。 胸鰭大約與腹鰭長度相等。 氣鰾有一對長的﹐直的﹐和像觸角一樣的附肢。 矢耳石 earstone 細與細長的。 背鰭不覆有鱗片的柔軟部位除了 2 或 3 列的小鱗片以外沿著它的基底 (參考文獻 51271) 。
Forms schools (Ref. 35237). Found over mud or sandy mud bottoms near mouths of rivers. Juveniles are restricted to brackish and fresh waters. Feeds on shrimps and fishes. Important food fish (Ref. 3702).
形成魚群。 (參考文獻 35237) 發現在在河口附近的泥或沙泥底上了。 稚魚侷限於半鹹淡水與淡水。 吃蝦與魚。 重要的食用魚.(參考文獻 3702)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
西大西洋: 巴拿馬到阿根廷。
Chao, L.N., 1978. Sciaenidae. In W. Fischer (ed.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. West Atlantic (Fishing Area 31). Volume 4. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3702)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的; 水族館: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 22.5 - 28, mean 27.3 °C (based on 292 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00741 (0.00476 - 0.01154), b=3.06 (2.94 - 3.18), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.1 ±0.70 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 4.1 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.27).
Prior r = 0.56, 95% CL = 0.37 - 0.84, Based on 3 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (45 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 51.9 [30.0, 101.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.842 [0.438, 1.547] mg/100g; Protein = 19.5 [18.0, 21.2] %; Omega3 = 0.291 [0.169, 0.485] g/100g; Selenium = 22.7 [11.9, 48.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 7.48 [2.48, 25.80] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.614 [0.445, 0.913] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
