Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; brackish; demersal; depth range 15 - 110 m (Ref. 2850), usually 18 - 46 m (Ref. 2850). Subtropical; 48°N - 34°S, 125°W - 70°W
Eastern Pacific: Columbia River in Washington, USA to Chile, but rare north of Baja California, Mexico.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm 22.6 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 43.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 38398); common length : 30.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 9352)
Inhabits sand or sandy-mud bottom (Ref. 2850).
Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald and H. Hammann, 1983. A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America. Boston (MA, USA): Houghton Mifflin Company. xii+336 p. (Ref. 2850)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes
Tools
Special reports
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Internet sources
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 17.3 - 28.9, mean 24.2 °C (based on 96 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01122 (0.00717 - 0.01756), b=2.96 (2.83 - 3.09), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 6.3 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.17-0.22; tm=3-4).
Prior r = 0.37, 95% CL = 0.25 - 0.56, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (47 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 82.7 [40.2, 181.0] mg/100g; Iron = 1.21 [0.66, 2.24] mg/100g; Protein = 17.2 [14.9, 20.2] %; Omega3 = 0.533 [0.247, 1.365] g/100g; Selenium = 26.3 [13.4, 59.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 21.5 [8.6, 57.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.889 [0.622, 1.285] mg/100g (wet weight);
