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Teleostei (teleosts) > Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) > Cynoglossidae (Tonguefishes) > Symphurinae
Etymology: Symphurus: Greek, syn, symphysis = grown together + Greek, oura = tail (Ref. 45335); atricauda: atricauda meaning black tail (Ref. 4930).
More on authors: Jordan & Gilbert.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecology

Marine; demersal; depth range 2 - 201 m (Ref. 2850), usually 30 - 80 m (Ref. 9294). Subtropical; 46°N -

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Eastern Central Pacific: California, USA to the Gulf of California.

Size / Weight / Age

Maturity: L_m ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 21.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 2850); common length : 13.0 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref. 9294)

Short description Identification keys | Morphology | Morphometrics

Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 94 - 102; Anal spines: 0; Anal soft rays: 77 - 83; Vertebrae: 50 - 53.

Found on mud or sandy-mud bottom (Ref. 2850). Feeds on small fishes (Ref. 37955) and invertebrates (Ref. 9294).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae

Main reference Upload your references | References | Coordinator | Collaborators

Munroe, T.A., F. Krupp and M. Schneider, 1995. Cynoglossidae. Lenguas, lenguetas. p. 1039-1059. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9294)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)

Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 30 October 2020

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Harmless

Human uses

Fisheries: minor commercial

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 11.6 - 23.4, mean 16.5 °C (based on 57 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01072 (0.00507 - 0.02267), b=3.11 (2.92 - 3.30), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245).

Trophic level (Ref. 69278): 3.4 ±0.48 se; based on food items.

Resilience (Ref. 120179): High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Low vulnerability (11 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Very high.

Symphurus atricauda (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880)