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| Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050 |
|
| This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed. |
| Dipturus batis AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS |
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Dipturus batis
Male picture by Cambraia Duarte, P.M.N. (c)ImagDOP
Pictures | Stamps, coins, misc. | Google 影像
Male picture by Cambraia Duarte, P.M.N. (c)ImagDOP
Norway country information
Common names:
Glattrokke, Glattskate, Storskate
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: | Ref:
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments:
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/no.html
National Fisheries Authority: http://odin.dep.no/fid/eng/
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Muus, B. and P. Dahlström, 1978
National Database:
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: | Ref:
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments:
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/no.html
National Fisheries Authority: http://odin.dep.no/fid/eng/
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Muus, B. and P. Dahlström, 1978
National Database:
Common names from other countries
分類 / Names 俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii 板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) > Rajiformes (Skates and rays) 鰩目 (Skates and rays) > Rajidae (Skates) 鰩科 (Skates)
Etymology: Dipturus: Greek, di = two + Greek, pteryx = fin (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Etymology: Dipturus: Greek, di = two + Greek, pteryx = fin (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range 生態學
海洋 居於水底的; 深度上下限 100 - 1000 m (Ref. 4426), usually 30 - 600 m (Ref. 127222). 亞熱帶的; 70°N - 48°N, 30°W - 20°E (Ref. 127222)
分布 國家 | FAO區域 | 生態系 | 發現紀錄 | Point map | 簡介 | Faunafri
Northeastern Atlantic: Iceland to the British isles; it was formerly more widespread, including the Mediterranean Sea and North Africa, but the range is thought to be reduced due to fishing.
東大西洋: 挪威，冰島，法羅到塞內加爾, 包括地中海西部與波羅的海西部。 從許多的它的從前的分佈區域因為使用拖網而滅絕了。 (參考文獻 27438)
東大西洋: 挪威，冰島，法羅到塞內加爾, 包括地中海西部與波羅的海西部。 從許多的它的從前的分佈區域因為使用拖網而滅絕了。 (參考文獻 27438)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 160.0 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 285 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 35388); common length : 100.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3261); 最大體重: 113.0 kg (Ref. 114424); 最大年齡: 51 年 (Ref. 4483)
Max length : 285 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 35388); common length : 100.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3261); 最大體重: 113.0 kg (Ref. 114424); 最大年齡: 51 年 (Ref. 4483)
簡短描述 檢索表 | 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖
背棘 (總數) : 0; 臀棘: 0. This species is characterized by the following: snout broadly angular, length 5-6.3 times orbit length; disc broadly rhombic, anterior margin deeply concave; a row of 12-31 predorsal thorns in median row along tail (disc smooth in young; denticles confined to dorsal head and along anterior disc margin on both surfaces in adults; disc thorns small in young, largely absent in adults); lateral thorns on tail perpendicular to body axis; interspace between dorsal fins 1.2 ± 0.4 TL, the fins rounded, upright, near tail tip; upper surface olive-grey or brown with a variable pattern of light blotches, with yellowish ring-like markings; underside greyish; iris yellowish (Ref. 114953, 127223).
吻非常長而尖的; 眼睛前的長度 2,5-4,0 倍距離他們之間; 體盤寬廣菱形具有尖銳的外角; 上表皮與下面平滑的當幼魚時, 部分多刺在較大的標本中; 沒有在體盤上的刺 , 一列 12-18個刺沿著尾部; 40-56個齒列; 上表皮橄欖灰色或褐色的有灰色的一個淡色的斑點可變圖案，下面到藍灰色.(參考文獻 3167)
吻非常長而尖的; 眼睛前的長度 2,5-4,0 倍距離他們之間; 體盤寬廣菱形具有尖銳的外角; 上表皮與下面平滑的當幼魚時, 部分多刺在較大的標本中; 沒有在體盤上的刺 , 一列 12-18個刺沿著尾部; 40-56個齒列; 上表皮橄欖灰色或褐色的有灰色的一個淡色的斑點可變圖案，下面到藍灰色.(參考文獻 3167)
Benthic species in shelf and slope waters, mainly within the 200 m range along the continental shelf, but down to 600 m along continental slopes and seamounts (Ref. 127222). Feeds on all kinds of bottom invertebrates and fish, including other skates (Ref. 114953). Oviparous, with long embryonic development. Males reach maturity at ca. 115 cm TL, females at 123 cm TL; birth size at ca. 21 cm TL (Ref. 114953). Biology may be unclear due to past taxonomic confusion Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205). Mate in spring and the egg capsules are laid during the summer. Eggs are oblong capsules with stiff pointed horns at the corners deposited in sandy or muddy flats (Ref. 205). Egg capsules are 10.6-24.5 cm long and 5.0-14.5 cm wide (Ref. 41250). About 40 eggs per individual are laid annually (Ref. 41250). Flesh is marketed fresh or smoked (Ref. 35388).
在大陸棚及大陸斜坡水域的底棲的種對於深度與溫度具有一個廣泛的包容。 (參考文獻 4426) 在 200 公尺範圍裡面主要地發現於沿岸水域了。 (參考文獻 3167) 捕食各種的底部動物, 大的個體偏愛魚。 (參考文獻 3167) 卵生的。 明顯的成對出現。 幼魚可能傾向跟隨大的個體, 例如他們的母親.(參考文獻 205) 在春天交配，而且卵鞘在夏天期間生產。 卵為長方形鞘囊具有僵硬的觸角沈積在沙灘或泥灘的角落.(參考文獻 205) 卵鞘是 10.6-24.5 公分長與 5.0-14.5 公分寬的.(參考文獻 41250) 大約 40個每個體卵生產每年。 (參考文獻 41250) 肉被在市場上銷售新鮮或燻製。 (參考文獻 35388)
在大陸棚及大陸斜坡水域的底棲的種對於深度與溫度具有一個廣泛的包容。 (參考文獻 4426) 在 200 公尺範圍裡面主要地發現於沿岸水域了。 (參考文獻 3167) 捕食各種的底部動物, 大的個體偏愛魚。 (參考文獻 3167) 卵生的。 明顯的成對出現。 幼魚可能傾向跟隨大的個體, 例如他們的母親.(參考文獻 205) 在春天交配，而且卵鞘在夏天期間生產。 卵為長方形鞘囊具有僵硬的觸角沈積在沙灘或泥灘的角落.(參考文獻 205) 卵鞘是 10.6-24.5 公分長與 5.0-14.5 公分寬的.(參考文獻 41250) 大約 40個每個體卵生產每年。 (參考文獻 41250) 肉被在市場上銷售新鮮或燻製。 (參考文獻 35388)
Life cycle and mating behavior 成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Oviparous, paired eggs are laid. Embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449). Egg-cases laid in spring and summer, very large (Ref. 3167). Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205). Eggs have horn-like projections on the shell (Ref. 205).東大西洋: 挪威，冰島，法羅到塞內加爾, 包括地中海西部與波羅的海西部。 從許多的它的從前的分佈區域因為使用拖網而滅絕了。 (參考文獻 27438)
主要參考資料
Upload your references | 參考文獻 | 合作者 : McEachran, John | 合作者
McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn, 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia 1998(2):271-290. (Ref. 27314)
對人類具威脅
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人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 游釣魚種: 是的
FAO(漁業: 產生; publication : search) | FishSource | 周邊海洋
更多資訊
Population dynamics
成長參數
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
長度-頻率
Mass conversion
入添量
豐度
成長參數
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
長度-頻率
Mass conversion
入添量
豐度
Anatomy
鰓區
Brain
Otolith
鰓區
Brain
Otolith
Physiology
Body composition
Nutrients
耗氧量
游泳類型
游泳速度
Visual pigments
Fish sound
Diseases & Parasites
Toxicity (LC50s)
Body composition
Nutrients
耗氧量
游泳類型
游泳速度
Visual pigments
Fish sound
Diseases & Parasites
Toxicity (LC50s)
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網路資源
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 7.1 - 15, mean 9.8 (based on 243 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00324 (0.00193 - 0.00544), b=3.20 (3.06 - 3.34), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245).
營養階層 (Ref. 69278): 3.5 ±0.6 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref. 120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (K=0.06; tm=11; tmax=51; fec = 40).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Very high vulnerability (86 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649): Moderate vulnerability (42 of 100).