分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鳃亚纲 (鲨鱼与 鱼) (sharks and rays) >
Torpediniformes (Electric rays) >
Torpedinidae (Electric rays)
Etymology: Torpedo: Latin, torpere = be sluggish (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Risso.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 半咸淡水 礁区鱼类; 深度上下限 2 - 370 m (Ref. 4430). 亞熱帶的; ? - 20°C (Ref. 10011); 60°N - 34°S, 19°W - 36°E (Ref. 114953)
Eastern Atlantic: northern UK (less common in southern North Sea and Kattegat) to Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Also in the Mediterranean Sea.
東大西洋: 英國北部 (較不普遍在北海南部與 Kattegat 中) 到南非好望角。 也在地中海中。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 44.0, range 39 - 49 cm
Max length : 100.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 27000); common length : 60.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 114953); 最大体重: 3.0 kg (Ref. 35388)
简单描述
检索表 | 型态特徵 | 形态测量图
背棘 (总数) : 0; 臀棘: 0; 脊椎骨: 104 - 108. Disc-width around the same as its length, length and width 1,50 to 1,70 times in total length; dorsal fins more or less rounded, its base 1,50 times in its height (Ref. 39215).
体盘-宽度大约等于它的长度，长度与宽度 1,50 到 1,70 倍全长; 背鳍约略圆的, 它的基底 1,50 倍它的高度.(参考文献 39215)
Occurs in seagrass areas, rocky reefs, and adjacent soft bottoms (Ref. 12951). Avoids temperatures above 20°C (Ref. 10011). Nocturnal, usually burying itself during the day with only the eyes and spiracle jutting out (Ref. 12382). Feeds on small benthic fishes Trachurus, Mugil, Mullus, Dicentrarchus, Spondyliosoma, Boops, Labrus, Dascyllus, Pomacentrus) and crustaceans (Ref. 10011). Females outlive males; viviparous, neonates measuring 10-14 cm at birth (Ref. 10426). Produces 2-32 pups in a litter after a 10-month gestation (Ref. 12951, Ref. 114953). Males reaches maturity at ca. 30 cm TL, females at ca. 40 cm TL; born at 10-14 cm TL (Ref. 114953). Electrocytes start developing when the embryo weighs about 1 g; electric organs functional before birth and newborns can use their electric organ discharge (EOD) in capturing prey (Ref. 10428). Can produce electric discharges of up to 200 volts; EOD frequency up to 600 Hz. Jumps on fast-moving prey, paralyzing it with its EOD (Ref. 27000).
出现于海草区域，岩礁与毗连的软质底部。 (参考文献 12951) 避开在 20个 ° C 上面的温度。 (参考文献 10011) 夜行的, 通常把自己埋藏起来在白天期间仅仅眼睛与喷水孔露出.(参考文献 12382) 吃小型底栖的鱼 Trachurus ， Mugil ， Mullus ， Dicentrarchus ， Spondyliosoma ， Boops ， Labrus ， Dascyllus ， Pomacentrus) 与甲壳动物.(参考文献 10011) 雌性活得比雄性长; 胎生的, 幼胎体长 10- 出生时的 14 公分.(参考文献 10426) 一胎的 5-32.(参考文献 12951) 当胚胎重量大约 1 g 的时候，发电细胞开始发展; 出生前发电器官发挥功能与新生小鱼能在捕获猎物方面使用他们的发电器放电 (EOD) 。 (参考文献 10428) 能生产向上到 200 伏特的电压; EOD 频率向上到 600个赫兹。 跳上快速移动的猎物, 麻痹它用它的 EOD 。 可能达到 100 公分长。 (参考文献 27000)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449).東大西洋: 英國北部 (較不普遍在北海南部與 Kattegat 中) 到南非好望角。 也在地中海中。
Stehmann, M. and D.L. Bürkel, 1984. Torpedinidae. p. 159-162. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 1. (Ref. 2803)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
人类利用
渔业: 没有兴趣; 游钓鱼种: 是的; 水族馆: 公众的水族馆
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 10.1 - 19.2, mean 14.1 °C (based on 392 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01820 (0.01481 - 0.02236), b=2.93 (2.87 - 2.99), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (Fec=5-32).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 5.92 [0.80, 27.36] mg/100g; Iron = 0.378 [0.092, 1.074] mg/100g; Protein = 19.4 [14.9, 22.8] %; Omega3 = 0.27 [0.11, 0.65] g/100g; Selenium = 14.8 [4.2, 42.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 63.8 [17.2, 235.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.555 [0.260, 1.159] mg/100g (wet weight);
