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Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Protonibea: Greek, protos = the first + see under Nibea.
More on author: Lacepède.
Issue
Type species of genus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
marina; brackvatten bottenlevande; djupintervall 5 - 100 m (Ref. 43239). Tropical; 40°N - 28°S, 47°E - 154°E
Indo-West Pacific: west coast of the Persian Gulf and along the coasts of India and Sri Lanka, north to Japan and south through the Philippines and Borneo to New Guinea and northern Australia.
Length at first maturity / Size / Vikt / Age
Maturity: Lm ?, range 85 - ? cm
Max length : 165.0 cm TL (female); common length : 100.0 cm SL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 9772); publicerad maxvikt: 0.00 g; rapporterad maxålder: 8 år (Ref. 72458)
Taggstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 10 - 11; Mjukstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 22 - 25; Taggstrålar i analfenan: 2; Mjukstrålar i analfenan: 7. 7-8 gill rakers on the lower limb of the first arch.
Found in coastal waters over muddy bottoms, off the sea-bed. Ascend tidal rivers and estuaries (Ref. 9772). Feed mainly on crustaceans and small fishes. Also caught with bottom trawls (Ref. 9772). Sold fresh and dried salted (swim bladder) in markets. An important food fish. Minimum depth range based on occurrence (Ref. 118911).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Könsmognad | Reproduktion | Lek | Ägg | Fecundity | Larver
Lal Mohan, R.S., 1984. Sciaenidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). Vol. 4. FAO, Rome. pag. var. (Ref. 3490)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fiskeri: mindre kommeriell; Vattenbruk: kommersiell
Verktyg
Special reports
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.6 - 29.1, mean 28.2 °C (based on 1838 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00813 (0.00538 - 0.01228), b=3.07 (2.95 - 3.19), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trofisk nivå (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.6 se; based on diet studies.
Resiliens (Ref.
120179): Mellan, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid 1,4-4,4 år (K=0.29-0.52; tmax=8).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (45 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 40.5 [14.2, 156.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.578 [0.238, 1.642] mg/100g; Protein = 19.1 [17.3, 21.0] %; Omega3 = 0.206 [0.112, 0.346] g/100g; Selenium = 84.9 [44.5, 168.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.38 [2.40, 34.23] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.722 [0.405, 1.471] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
